Andrew Jackson Essay Example for Free

Andrew Jackson EssayAndrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States, deserves to brace his picture engraved on the twenty-dollar bill. Jacksons parlous military achievement and leadership as well as democratic principles demonstrated during his presidency have made a significant contribution to American history and political life.Andrew Jackson led his troops to decisive victories against the Creeks in Alabama and against the British in New Orleans. In the war of 1812 the Creek Indians, British all toldies, had threatened the southwestern borders of the United States. A major general in the Tennessee militia, Jackson with the help of his troops success justy defeated the Creek Indians in 1814 at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. He was able to overcome shortages of supplies and food. In addition, he was able to curb two potential mutinies and lead a successful turn on against the Creeks. A second major battle that brought recognition to Jackson was the Battle of New Or leans.An impressive aspect of this battle was that in spite of Jackson organism greatly outnumbered with his army of 5,000 men against the British army of 8,000, Jackson was able to win with minimal casualties to his troops compared to the British who suffered greater losses. These two military triumphs realize Jackson acclaimed national military fame. After the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, Jacksons men acknowledged his toughness by calling him Old Hickory because he was as tough as Hickory Wood. His stunning victory at New Orleans gave Jackson status as a national hero because he gave Americans confidence in their ability to defend their new liberty.As a strong president, Andrew Jackson led reforms for the common man and created a more than equilibrize central government. Jackson believed that the common man should have a place in society. He governed with the principle to let the people rule. Under his leadership, he and his following issued reforms to reduce the long workdays and allow the average man to earn a greater share of the nations wealth. Wanting economic opportunity for all men, Jackson acted on his leadership skills to protect the rights of farmers, artisans, and small shopkeepers from the selfish interests of largebusinesses and monopolies. Jackson wanted to help common Americans by letting them have a say in politics. He allowed many people to vote than ever before, therefore making the government more directly responsible to the people.He believed that the president should use full power as granted by the constitution. In that capacity, he made the most presidential vetoes than all the presidents before him. Jacksons use of the presidential veto was an impressive measure to create a more balanced central government by decentralizing power in both the executive and legislative get-go making them equal to each other. This set an effective standard for presidential procedure. Never hesitant, Jackson argued with the Supreme Court or Congress whe n their positions conflicted with the best interests of all the people. Jacksons efforts to make reforms for the common man and his ability to balance the power of the federal government made a lasting impression on American democracy.Jacksons achievements, as a military general as well as his leadership as the seventh president of the United States, give him the rightful recognition to have his image on the twenty dollar bill. As a general, Jackson was able to make quick and wise decisions to lead his troops to prevail by dint of challenging military operations. As president, he left a lasting legacy to improve the conditions of the common man and to strengthen the office of the presidency. He shall of all time be remembered for granting people a greater voice in government by giving voting rights to non-land owners and replacing an aristocratic cabinet with people of more humble means. Jackson is regarded with respect for strengthening the office of the president through the use of veto, and rendering equality in power to both the executive and legislative branches. These aspects of his presidential administration have become a standard for todays modern presidency.

Catharine Beecher and Charlotte Perking Gilman Essay Example for Free

Catharine Beecher and Charlotte Perking Gilman EssayIn the article Catharine Beecher and Charlotte Perking Gilman Architects of female power the informant attempts to canvass and contrast the convictions and beliefs of Charlotte Gilman and, her great-aunt, Catharine Beecher. One of the most important factors that is seen repeatedly in the article, is the concept that the environment encompassing the home is the center of all commerce for a womanhood. This belief process continues to build and establishes the idea that what begins in the home continues to radiate out into the lives of the woman and her family. Each female author further attempted to define the roles of a woman directly corresponding with the roles beginning in a womans private life and extending into the public life. Although Catharine Beecher and Charlotte Gilman had completely antithetical interpretations of this ideology, the fact that the bag of the argument was the same purports that the concept, rega rdless of interpretation, could have some basis on reality.The author of this article, Valerie lamella, very thoroughly cites from not only Catharine Beechers books A Treatise on Domestic Economy and American Womans Home, but also from Charlotte Gilmans book Moving the Mountain and several of her lectures and articles including an article titled Applepieville. Gill (1998) introduces, that Like Catharine Beecher, Gilman links the role of the women to the general health of the social system the dependent and isolated situation of women in their homes (p. 2). Gill (1998) goes on to further state that In spite of their different strategies for defining and locating women, however, Beecher and Gilman share an interest in the topography of female experience and that Both writers conceptualize the identity of women in spacial as well as socioeconomic terms, assuming that the fulfillment of their own sex can be quite literally mapped out. (p. 2). The article then moves into ofttimes grea ter detail, analyzing each womans many forms of printed material.The extent and degree of information and detail written in this article about each represented author and their contributing works can ultimately beseen as one of the articles main strengths. However, although this article gives a vast amount of information on the womens opinions and beliefs the article at times seems disassembled and erratic. The flow of the article is somewhat hard to follow, and without an increased measure of concentration, the ability of the reader to comprehend and decipher whom the author is speaking of can be lost. Also, with the extensive amounts of information and detail that each female author contributes to the argument, readers are bombarded with data to interpret and distinguish upon. With the author of the article not decisively choosing the strongest points of argument from each author, the information becomes overwhelming and possibly confusing at times.The article Catharine Beecher a nd Charlotte Perking Gilman Architects of female power attempts to give readers two different perspectives of a womans role in her home and how this affects her presence in society. Readers are given a multitude of supporting facts from both womens interpretations on the topic. This fact, in certain circumstances, proves to be not only a strength of the article but also a weakness. Regardless of how each woman author interpreted these ideals, the simple fact remains clear that each assumed the role and presence of a woman becomes clearly defined as beginning in the home.ReferencesGill, V. (1998). Catharine Beecher and Charlotte Perking Gilman Architects of female power. Journal of American Culture, 21 (2). Retrieved from http//ctcdns02.ctcd.edu2122/search/multiSearch.dojsessionid=F6C4B68D9202464AFE8BAF1AC27987B8

How health care has changed Essay Example for Free

How health care has changed EssayWith about 10 years of experience, as a secretary, in healthcare industriousness, Ive sight a multitude of changes within the medical field. On many levels, the medical system has changed, from paper charts to computerized patient files, the way prescriptions are handled and distributed, to file and/or medical documentation up to now the paging method has found its place in a new technical era. Email, and employee intranet, has made communication amongst employers and employees, department to department, even employee to employee much easier and effective. The only thing that hasnt made too much of a noticeable change is the employee time clock, and even that has managed to find itself an upgrade. Nonetheless, a phalanx of inevitable changes, given the social status of engineering, and the best service available by healthcare standards and expectations, its easy to see where the hereafter of healthcare and technology lie. Given the past 10 ye ars, technology has gained its own credit in the advancement of the medical industry. Robots have become the gateway to a better healthcare. I feel that within the next 10 years, well begin to see a great deal of technical influence. In a field, where there are already advancements in technology, and its practice sessions, it is fair to say that we could gradu aloney become an al intimately hands free industry.Medical advancements, in general, seem to have been primarily in the use of technology, and/or going green. Therefore the next 10 years, may still prove to be a breeze for the cultivation of a relationship between medicine and technology. Even from my position, the change has been constant and obvious. Having been a secretary, since high school, I am currently in pursuit of my associates in medical administrations. My contribution to the industry has always come through my capabilities with a computer, and over the phone. Staying technicall(a)y savvy, sure enough is carryin g its perks in weight with me. Within my experience, the secretary is the go to person to get something to ladder proper y, or for better understanding of a technical meltdown, and if not the person to fix it, certainly the person to find the one who can. From nurses, doctors, patients, and parents, the secretary is the most knowledgeable resource, with a friendly face.As secretaries, we practically hold the key within the medical field. Always there to offer a helping hand, we act behind the scene in some cases, having my own experience of pulling off many last minutes miracles. In medical terms, were fundamentally the central nervous systems of any and many departments operations. Though, now, being on my path to higher(prenominal) learning, in addition to, my contributions are becoming much greater, and giving my future the fuel to go much further. Like many jobs, the growth of change is inevitable, so to make sure this change is effective insuring that employees are kept up to date with the latest in changes, adjustments, and updates is key. Having worked within the healthcare industry, Im aware of the time and efforts invested into insuring that their employees are knowledgeable and capable of managing through company changes.Ive had the chance to take a course or two, in order to insure Im working at my fullest potent cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) courses, to employee base hit/self defense classes, system program changes, and new program usage. With my efforts, and the aid of my employers, my skills will remain polished and productive. Putting forth my best efforts and keeping the inclination for being successful in all my endeavors, along with the assistance provided through my employer I will always be able and capable to perform all duties expected of me. With the growth of the medical industry, its employees have to be resourceful and reliable. Furthermore, within this growth, my perceptions havent changed, more theyve evolved. The time wi thin my courses have given me the opportunity to research and better understand the work and efforts that go into running a successful medical establishment.Watching the change over the past decade, leaves me no choice, and certainly gives me the advantage at being a highly adaptable candidate within my position. Growing with the industry, as a secretary Ive learned so much, and watched a lot change for the better. In turn, my perceptions remain optimistic about the direction myself and healthcare or headed in. In a nutshell, any perception of an constantly changing industry is certain to change. In any case, healthcare is changing for the better and the sake of providing the best, quickest, most effective ways to treatment and cure. In a sense, this change is creating a glimpse in the future of healthcare along with its and human longevity. With the healthcare industry taking on the demands of a modern twenty-four hours society, technology has a great deal to do with its future.T echnology is set to play such a huge role in the development of healthcare. With the demands on the healthcare industry to offer the most effective methods of diagnosis, and treatments, along with healing time, the approach to technical advances are highly beneficial. Androids that perform, and aid in performing surgeries, the development in medical equipment and their advances/upgrades, the renewal of how patient charts are stored are all evolving, along with many more aspects of the medical industry.Leaving such a large-minded variety of development in just about every department, looking into the next 10 years of medicine vs. technology, the combinations are endless and sure to be exceptional. Though, with any development and need for change, theres a cost to be paid. Given the state of a slowly stabilizing economy, the future of all the developments depends on the availability of funds, and people in need of care. Though, very beneficial, the cost of accurate medical attention can come at a higher cost, and at a time when finances are scarious and rising, some are unable to afford the best in healthcare. With the benefits of insurance, there is still only so much that can be covered.

Project failure in the software industry

Project harm in the softwargon industryIntroductionProject failure is a common thing heard in the softw are system Industry in recent years. It has been observed that al most(prenominal) 50% of the bedevils in the Industry fail due to many motley reasons. Research shows that Project failure is non due to one limited reason but many reasons contributing to it. The Standish Group 1995, found in their survey that of all the realises only 1/6 of the invents were wind upd on sentence and within the specified budget. They as salubrious as found that 1/3 of the watchs were green goddesscelled and more than of them were considered challenged. In these give the gatecelled and challenged considers close to 189% were over budget, 222% were behind inventory and only 61% of the requirements were met. Factors contributing to work out success are to complete it on time, should be under budget and should proper the requirements completely, but generally these dont join the exp ectations which results in drift failures. The most common reasons for have failures are lack of drug subprogramr involvement, fantastic time scale, lightly outlined requirements, scurvy testing, miscommunication and difference of opinion amid team divisions, etc. Since now most of the companies use software for various operations, it is a mustiness for every go with to avoid make failures. A huge kernel of money is spent on making software, on that pointfore it is important to analyze and understand the reasons behind the various reasons behind project failures. The graph below shows various reasons for failure and the percentage to which each factor contributes.The above graph and the percentage of failures show that it is normal for a software project to fail due to various reasons. But the point is what we can do to avoid it. For that we need to understand the various reasons for failure and the locomote to avoid them.Reasons for Project FailuresVague Requirements Requirement gathering is the first step of any project development life regular recurrence. Any project starts with the understanding and analyzing the requirements of the customer. practically the requirements are not clearly specified and the bus assumes the requirements as per his/her understanding and admits the developers to start developing the product which results in not meeting the exact requirements of the stakeholder. some(prenominal) generation the customer, himself/herself is not aware of what they want as keep changing the requirements on regular time intervals which results in persist of product delivery, increased damage and inefficient product. some time due to time constraint the developers start the project assuming requirements and start developing it, thinking that the requirements impart be execute once we start developing which whitethorn result in incomplete project and increase in bell or in time delay in shutdown of project. Hence it is very important to understand the requirements of the customer and take form a proper software requirement document and then start the project development.ConsequencesThe result of vague requirements is severe. This leave behind cause an increase in appeal, inefficient product and a spile of re meet. The developers will adopt to spend a lot of time and put in extra hours of work to make the necessary changes as the product developed is not as judge. leadTo avoid this attitude of vague requirements which whitethorn lead to project failure, I suggest that the project manager should meet the customer to get the exact requirements of the project. The Manager should make authentic that all the requirements are mighty documented so that the developers agnize the exact requirements which will help them to know what the goals to fulfill are. The Manager should also regularly meet the developers and make sure that all the requirements are clear as they come and everyone has understood t he requirements document. The requirement analyses and developing a project development life cycle should be given fair to middling time before the actual development starts.Unrealistic Time ScalePoor schedule estimation is another reasons for project failure. Many project managers understand the need to deliver the projects fast due to which they set impossible schedule to make sure the project is produced quickly without clear-sighted the amount of work that needs to be done. Due to which they make superficial design and start coding to make the product as quickly as possible thinking that sooner the coding starts, faster the product is finished. Many generation the managers are also pressurized by the stakeholders regarding the project deadlines. The Project Managers many times dont even work together with the stakeholders in defining a realistic schedule and decide on a proper deadline for the completion of the project. But this is the most common mistake made by the project managers. As a result of this unrealistic time scale the utmost product is either improper or does not meet the user requirements or delay in delivery of project resulting in increase of the product development cost.ConsequencesThe result of unrealistic time scale is increase in cost and time to deliver. Since the schedule is unrealistic the manager will make a working model and ask the programmers to start coding quickly, which will result in low quality of work by the coders as they are under great pressure and the final product delivered will not meet the expectations of the stakeholder. This will cause the project to fail and cause waste of resources and money put in the project.SuggestionSince unrealistic time scale being a common mistake made by the project manager, it can lead to heavy losses. This mistake should be taken care of by making a proper project plan and setting realistic deadlines. This plan and deadlines should be decided based on the amount of work to be do ne and the size of the team working on the project so as to avoid unnecessary pressure on the team. This will give enough time to work on each and every module properly and fulfill all the requirements properly rather than just complete the project within the given time. More importantly the stakeholders should be provided all the required data and estimated time of completion. They should also be updated at regular intervals to make sure that the work in on the estimated time.Poor CommunicationPoor Communication is the third reason for project failure. Due to unfortunate communication between the managers and developers, the developers are not aware of the work to be done by them, which may result in delay. As this important information is not shared out between team members, the progress of the project is also not known. Trying to avoid communication between team members to avoid opposed views between them may result in project failure. Sometimes the programmers are not allowed to give their opinion about the improvement of the project which is also a reason for project failure. This kind of poor communication between the manager and the team members hinders the progress of the project. This kind of poor communication should be avoided and the manager should take the necessary move to overcome this problem for the success of the project.ConsequencesThe impact of this reason for project failure is very severe. It will necessitate the cost of development, involve the schedule and functionality. If the communication is poor it may lead to inefficient product development.SuggestionCommunication is very important between the team members, the management and the stakeholders for the project success. Since poor communication can lead to severe losses to a project I would suggest that manager should regularly communicate with the team regarding the project progress. This will help the manager to keep a track on the ongoing progress and also make sure that the team has understood all the requirements properly and avoid conflicting views between the members. And all the members will know their role in the project thus avoiding unnecessary work. Communication with the stakeholder will also help the stakeholder to know about the progress of the project and to know if the project is going as per the requirements.Scope CreepScope Creep gives the overall view of the final system to be delivered. Scope creep happens due to increase in the scope of the project during development. Often it is seen that the manager or the customer wants to add more functionality to the system mend it is being developed. Like if a student record system is developed for the subjects taken and scores of the students by semester. But then the customer wants to add personalised details and fees structure for each course. This will increase the scope of the system as the new functionality is required to be added along with the old requirements. This will affect the sch edule of the project. Many times it happens that the customer might change the requirement at regular intervals or might require change as they are not comfortable with the existing system resulting in scope creep.ConsequenceThe consequence of this is very severe. As the requirements of the system change it will increase the cost of development and even affect the project schedule.SuggestionScope creep should be avoided as it may lead to major project failure or unnecessary delay in the project deliverable. This can be avoided by getting all the requirements from the user at the start of the project and even the precession in which the requirements need to be fulfilled. The cost and the time of delivery should be documented as per the present requirements. So any change will affect the cost and time should be told to the customer and everything should be documented.Inappropriate StaffingInappropriate staffing is another reason for project failure. The manager needs to find the righ t population for the job. Many times there are programmers who lack the required experience in the technology and are not qualified enough for that job. It also happens that the managers employ or allocated to a project dont have enough experience in handling such a huge task or dont have enough technical knowledge. These programmers and managers are hired simply to keep the cost of development low. So it is very important to get the right set of people to work on the project, who are experienced enough and can work well in a team for project to be successful. Many times it may happen that a member of the team or a high level manager might leave the job, which may affect the project schedule. Many times it happens that resources are not allocated properly while shows inefficiency in work, thus delaying the project schedule. This problem has been a major problem with all the companies.ConsequencesThis will have an impact on the project schedule as every time new resources are alloc ated, it will consume time to understand and complete task.SuggestionTo overcome the problem of wrong staffing the management must hire the right set of people for the required task who are efficient enough for the job. They must have a well balanced team and people who work well as a team and appreciate each other to achieve the bigger goal of successful project completion.Lack of User InvolvementUser involvement is very important for any project to succeed. If the user is not involved in the project development by continuously communicating with the project manager, it may result in a project failure. Many times it happens that the user doesnt know how to use the system as the user is not much involved in the working of the system. The developers get the requirements from the user but the users are not actively participating in the design class, requirement analysis phase, testing phase or the users are changing the requirements which may lead to delay in the project schedule an d might not meet all the user requirements. Many times it is seen that the user will specify the requirements and then endure for the final product. Due to this the users sometimes dont get the expected functionality or they might not be familiar with the system which may result in a lot of time wasted in learning the system.ConsequenceThe consequence of this is medium effect. There can be a lot of change in the functionality as the user is not aware of the system working till the end. It may also increase the cost of the project and schedule as the user will take a lot of time to get familiar with the system.SuggestionTo overcome this problem of lack of user involvement, the user should actively figure in all the phases of project development. The user should be eager to learn the system before it is put live and hence should be trained to use the system. This will help the user to get familiar with the system and will also be able to test the system for all the features that are expected of the system.Poor PlanningPlanning is the most important part of any project. If the project is well planned it will be completed on time and within schedule, resulting in success with all the requirements full filled. Project plan defines the objectives of the project and the goals to be achieved. The project plan contains the amount of resources required, the cost of development and the deliverable schedule. It helps in knowing what is to be done and what resources are required in which area of the project. Sometimes it is seen that the manager doesnt have much time to make a project plan due to time constrain from the senior management due to which implementation starts before the project plan is completed. This will hinder the project schedule as the flow of project development will not be clear. Many times it happens that project activities are dependent upon the previous activities completion but in case of poor planning this will get affected. This will result in t he increase in the project development cost and increase the deliverable schedule.ConsequencesThe effect of poor planning is very severe. It will have an impact on the project development cost, incomplete requirements and will also affect the schedule.SuggestionTo avoid the problem of poor planning, the management should make sure that the project is well planned with all the resources, phases of development, cost estimation and the schedule of delivery before the implementation starts. Then at regular intervals it should be check if everything is going as planned, so that any kind of problem can be taken care of right away before its too late.Poor TestingPoor testing plays an important role in project being a failure. Developers do test the project after the coding is done but it is the duty of the user to do an acceptance test to know if the system meets the requirements. But sometimes this testing fails as the requirements are poor enough to be tested. The user is unaware of the importance of this testing. It also happens that the user is not trained enough to test the system resulting in a poor test. Many times it is seen that the development phase takes so long that there is no time for testing, due to which it is avoided. So the user should be encouraged to do the acceptance testing so that the user is comfortable with the developed system.ConsequencesThe result of poor testing is that not very heavy. If the testing fails, then the development team will have to do a lot of rework on the failed areas. This will increase the cost and delay in project deliverable time.SuggestionTo make sure that testing is done properly the project should be well designed and planned. If the project is to be delivered in modules, then every module should be tested which is very useful as all the functionality is checked at the end of each module. This help in avoiding the entire system test at the end of the project, since most of the modules are tested as they were complet ed. Then the user should be trained to use the system so that they can do a proper test of the system. This can help in overcoming the problem of poor testing.View PointThe analyses shown above are based on my research about various reasons for project failure and their consequences. From my research on the above I analyzed and suggested that all of the above reasons are important and should be taken in to consideration during the life of project development as they have fitting effect on success of a project or its failure. I think that most projects fail due to vague requirements, poor planning and inappropriate staffing.Making sure that all the requirements are properly gathered is the first step in any project development process. If the requirements are not properly gathered then it may lead to problems down the line during development. I have observed that many times due to time constraint or not clear requirements the development phase is started considering that once a work ing model is ready then all the left out requirements can be handled but this is the biggest mistake made as it will require a lot of rework and increase the cost of development. Many times vague requirements impel the developers to make a functionality that is actually not required thus wasting of time and resources results in a lot of rework.Poor planning is also a factor for project failures. Due to vague requirements the planning done is also poor resulting in project failure. Planning phase comes after requirements gathering phase. In this phase all the details about the project development, the resources required, the cost of development, the time schedule of deliverable project parts or whole are decided. This phase takes a good amount of time as the whole project development is planned in this phase, so if the planning is poor, it may lead the project down the hill instead of up. So during the planning phase all the aspects of development should be taken into consideration by the developers and managers.Another problem which is approach by most of the companies is of inappropriate staffing. A project team should have the right combination of people. People, who are experienced, can work well in a team. Generally managers try to cut the cost of development by hiring people who are less experienced with the kind of project to be developed and even inexperience in using the technology being used. This will affect the project schedule. Many times it happens that a manager or team member leaves the project due to work pressure as they are kept to do parts in many projects. Due to this the project is delayed and a lot of time is lost in training the new member. So managers should chose the right people for the team and also the members should be dedicated to a particular project.Many times I have seen that there are dependencies between teams during a project development. Like now a days there is outsourcing where in the design and testing is done by one t eam and the coding is sent to another team. So whenever there is a change in the functionality or the design the coding team seating elsewhere are given the changes resulting in a lot of rework which relatively affects the project schedule. Many times there is miscommunication between the teams working in different modules so changes in one module is not conveyed to the other resulting in errors during the testing phase. So there should be proper communication between teams and regular updates should be given to all the teams working on the project to avoid any error at later stage of the project. And other than these all the other factors should be taken into consideration by the management for a successful project.Lessons LearntFrom my research on project failures I learnt that project management is the most important aspect for any projects success. From research on this topic I learnt that over the years this problem has haunt the software industry but still the management has not learnt from the previous mistakes. All the reasons shown above are very critical and can lead to project failure if not handled with care. Manager must also focus on the team development for any project as it the overall team feat that makes the project successful and not an individual.ConclusionThe research gives an insight into various reasons of software project failure. These reasons have been experienced by every manager in the industry and so now companies have started focusing on proper management of the projects.Referenceshttp//www.coleyconsulting.co.uk/failure.htmhttp//ezinearticles.com/?Causes-Of-Software-Project-Failureid=453814http//www.ibm.com/developerworks/rational/library/feb06/marasco/http//www.docstoc.com/docs/24462435/Why-Projects-Fail-Graphhttp//www.projectsmart.co.uk/why-software-projects-fail.htmlhttp//www.projectperfect.com.au/info_it_projects_fail.phphttp//ezinearticles.com/?Causes-Of-Software-Project-Failureid=453814http//74.125.155.132/search?q=cacherp supt-SPl0Jwww.tier1performance.com/content/features/mets_files/MajorCausesofSoftwareProjectFailures.pdf+reasons+for+software+project+failurecd=3hl=enct=clnkgl=ushttp//www.computerworld.com/s/article/71209/Why_Projects_Failhttp//knapton.blogspot.com/2007/05/why-do-software-projects-fail.htmlhttp//www.adaptivepartners.com/projfailb.htmhttp//portal.acm.org.libaccess.sjlibrary.org/citation.cfm?id=1370099.1370100coll=portaldl=ACMCFID=12421101CFTOKEN=86551462

Mitochondrial DNA Analysis: Techniques and Applications

Mitochondrial desoxyribonucleic acid digest Techniques and ApplicationsIntroductionBecause of advancements in technology and techniques, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depth psychology has become a common system in forensic procedure. Polymorphisms in human mtDNA were first discovered in 1980 (Br sustain 1980) dapple a complete sequence was first achieved in 1981 (Anderson et al., 1981). MtDNA sequencing is frequently apply in cases where biological samples are degraded or low in quality, instead of nuclear DNA (nDNA), because each mobile ph nonpareil contains more than 1000 copies of mtDNA per cell instead of only twain per cell in the case of nDNA. This article will examine the background information and techniques of mtDNA psychoanalysis as well as several of its applications.Background InformationMitochondrial DNA is located outside the nucleus of a cell in organelles cognize as mitochondria. The chief advantage of mtDNA is the position that it is present at a rate of min gled with 100 and several thousand times per cell, making it much easier to be typed than nuclear DNA (James and Nordby, 2005). This property makes mtDNA a very useful tool in a sample that is either degraded or limited in quantity. Its typical sources include hair, b adepts, teeth and bodily fluid such as saliva, blood, and semen. An opposite feature of mtDNA is that it is maternally inherited so a sample can be collected from each member of the maternal lineage (Giles et al. 1980). The mtDNA for earthly concern is 16,569 base pairs and consists of two regions, the control region and the coding region.The control region is located in the displacement iteration (D-loop), and contains hypervariable regions 1, 2, and 3 (HVI, HVII, and HVIII). HVI and HVII are sufficiently polymorphic to allow two samples to be differentiated. However, HVIII is currently being assessed to lay its capacity for use in discriminating in the midst of individuals and could one day be used to increase the discerning power of mtDNA. The D-loop of mtDNA does not contain any functional genes, and accumulates mutations at a rate of up to 10 times that of nDNA (James and Nordby, 2005). See image below for a sample mtDNA structure.The HVI region is approximately 341 base pairs (bp) in length while the HVII region is 267bp. The separate regions in the mtDNA genome have been successfully analyzed but have not been frequently used in forensic works because they havent been proven sufficiently hypervariable.Techniques of mtDNA AnalysisThe methods for mtDNA typing have gradually changed over the past thirty years. The process has gradually changed protocols from low-resolution restriction length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis to sequence analysis of the HVII and HVII regions and is moving towards a complete sequence of the mtDNA genome for each case. The sequencing and comparison of the mtDNA can be broken down into four steps source, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) involution, sequencing, and comparison.ExtractionA biological sample contains main substances besides DNA. The purpose of extraction is to separate the former(a) material from the DNA before it is examined. The sample is prepared and entangled with certain organic chemicals that lyse the cell membranes, separate proteins from the DNA, and hence denature the proteins and destroy their structures to decrease their solubility. Using a phenol chloroform, the denatured proteins are removed. The DNA is indeed purified using ethanol precipitation and isolation by centrifuge.PCR AmplificationThe polymerase chain reaction is process similar to the one used by cells to copy their own DNA. By using this process, a relatively small number of copies could be multiplied into over a billion in around thirty cycles. PCR amplification is a three step process. First, the two mtDNA strands are denatured by heat at 94C. This means the strands separate from each other into two equal and opposite strands. Second, the sample is cooled to 60C and the primers bind to the DNA template, which gives a start sequence to the DNA polymerase in step three, which extends the primers by adding the respective(prenominal) nucleic acids to the base strand and completes the sequence, thus turning one copy of the DNA into two. By repeating this process, the number of copies increases exponentially.SequencingThe primary sequencing method in mtDNA analysis is known as the Sanger method, which is a six step process that builds off the PCR amplification. First, the removal of remaining Deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTP) and primers from PCR through spin filtration or enzyme digestion is required. The PCR quantity is then shew to determine if there is enough product to sequence the DNA. Then, four different colored fluorescent dyes are attached to the four differenet ddNTPs. After that, the unincorporated dyes from the sequencing reaction are removed using spin filtration. The purified sequencing reaction is then di luted in foramide and separated through gel electrophoresis. Finally, the sequence analysis of each reaction performed is compiled and interpreted. likenessAfter sequencing the HVI and HVII regions of the DNA, the sequences are confirmed with the forward and reverse strands for that sample. Differences are then noted from the revised Anderson sequence, which is the newest standard for mtDNA. Finally, the known and the unknown samples are compared with each other and then compared with the database to determine halotype frequency.ApplicationsAs previously stated, current applications of mtDNA analysis are best abide to DNA which is very old and highly degraded. Some of the applications in this include individual identification, evolutionary biology, and maternal lineage testing.Individual IdentificationMtDNA can play a considerable role in the identification of individuals in which the biological sample would be highly degraded, for example, identifying remains of unknown soldiers. In June, 1998, a DNA sample from one of the US tombs of the unknown was collected and compared to quality samples from seven different families who had lost a family member during the war. The results eliminated six of the families, and provided a positive identification on the final family. The results proved consistent and the soldier was set as Air Force First Lieutenant Michael J. Blassie. In this case, the small, closed population allowed relative ease of identification. To date, the remains of around 150 soldiers from the Vietnam War and 1,200 from the Korean War have been reunited with their families.Evolutionary BiologyThere are two main hypotheses about human evolution and phylogenic trees trying to guess where the human play branches off from the rest of the animal kingdom and spread all over the world. The multiregional evolution suggests that modern humans evolved from Neanderthals and Homo erectus at the same time in different parts of the world. This hypothesis is supported by fossil evidence, particularly a gradual change in facial structure from earlier to modern humans.The other hypothesis suggests a more recent African origin around 100,000 200,000 years ago, in which a small conference of modern humans populated the rest of the world. This would have been done without mixing genetic material with other forms of humans. Because the human mitochondrial genome was one of the first to be completely sequenced, it took researchers a while to canvass the advantage of sequencing the entire genome. First, mutations in the D-loop occur at a rate 5-10 times faster than that of normal nDNA, and having the complete genome showed the same polymorphism on two different loci. alike, while the D-loop was changing at a high rate, mutations outside the D-loop were near zero, allowing the rate of evolution for the rest of the genome to be seen clearly and as between different complexes.The data collected gives evidence to support the recent African or igin theory. By finding the substitution rate between the sequences, it is viable to find dates at which the genetic material coincided with itself and thus makes it possible to find approximate dates and points on the phylogenic tree. From this information, the sequence of events in human evolution can be established.The data suggests a severe population constriction around 180,000 years ago. (Brown, 1980) This evidence supports the recent African origin hypothesis while with the multiregional hypothesis you would watch to see this constriction at an older date.Maternal LineageBecause mtDNA testing can be done with a smaller quantity of DNA, it is well suited for maternity testing and forming a family tree. Right now, mtDNA is the most common form of DNA analysis performed to determine parental maternity testing today. Obviously, this is used in the legal system for the purpose of deciding custody battles.MtDNA similarly has precedence in accurately performing historical identif ications through maternal lineage. A far-famed case of this would most likely be the case in which Jesse James body was identified by using a comparison between his DNA and the great-great-granddaughter of his sister. This lineage would provide a positive match if in fact it was Jesse James remains, which in fact it was.However, the James case was not without its faults. The initial attempts at mtDNA analysis of the bone specimens from the specimen were not successful. More, specifically, there was no product formation during the Polymerase Chain Reaction. The most likely cause of this type of error would be the poor condition the material was in.(Stone et al. 2001) After running several tests on the bones, teeth and hair of the remains, mtDNA was collected and analyzed from two molar teeth and two hair fibers. This just shows that while mtDNA analysis has the possibility for up to 100% exclusion, because of mix-ups, laboratory errors, contamination, and degradation, its not 100% a ccurate.ConclusionBecause of its impact on the forensic community, mtDNA analysis has become a power discrimination tool in forensic science. The methods that have been developed over the past thirty years have been firm founded in scientific research. Each tool used in the aid of sequencing the mtDNA has a specific purpose that plays an important part the analysis as a whole. As technologies evolve, the discriminating power goes up, as in the case of adding the HVIII loci to the standard, and the error rates go down because of new information regarding contamination prevention procedures and find the presence of degraded sample. Finally, by applying all of these concepts to the forensic world, mtDNA analysis becomes a powerful tool that has the potential to trace lineages, prove maternity, and identify unknown persons.ReferencesAnderson, S., Bankier, A.T., Barrel, B.G., Bruijn, M.H.L., Courlson, A.R., Drouin, J., Eperon,I.C., Nierlich, D.P., Roe, B.A., Sanger, F., Schreier, P.H., Smith, A., Staden, R., and Young, I.G., 1981, rank and Organization of the Human Mitochondrial Genome.MRC Laborator of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge, UKBrown, W. M. 1980 Polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA of humans as revealed by restriction endonuclease analysis Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USAVol. 77, No. 6, pp. 3605-3609Butler, J. 2005, Forensic DNA Typing. Elsevier learning pp.242-298Giles, R.E., Blanc, H., Cann, H.M., and Wallace, D.C. .1980, Maternal inheritance of human mitochondrial DNA, Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USAVol. 77, No. 11, pp. 6715-6719,Ingman, M. ,2001,Mitochondrial DNA Clarifies Human Evolution, http//www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/ingman.html Image Source MtDNA. http//www.nfstc.org/pdi/Subject09/images/pdi_s09_m02_01_a.1_large.jpgJames, S.H. and Nordby, J.J. 2005, Forensic Science an introduction to scientific and investigative techniques. N.W. Ciroirate Blvd., Boca Raton, FloridaMichael Blassie inglorious No More, 2006, http//www.nlm.nih.gov/visiblepro ofs//galleries/cases/blassie.htmlStone A.C., Starrs J.E., Stoneking, M. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the presumptive remains of Jesse James. J of Forensic Sci 200146(1)173-176.What is the relationship between the rimed war and the war on flagellum in afghanistan?What is the relationship between the cold war and the war on terror in afghanistan? What is the relationship between the Cold War and the War on Terror in Afghanistan? How far can one be said to be the continuation of the other? Introduction The Cold War period lasted for close to 45 years, from 1945 to 1991. It began at the end of the Second World War and with the collapse of the Soviet Union. The war was the stage for the Wests struggle against commie ideas and changes. This long wearing scrap brought to pass an increase in production and trade of arms and an appearance of a new world order formed by the States. The main linguistic rule of the cold war can be seen as the East-West competition in ideas, arms and sphe res of influence. (REF)After Afghan terrorists dramatically attacked the unite States on September 11, 2001 America declared a war on terror and flew its troops into Afghanistan in pursuit of avenging their nation and capturing al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden. Again America found itself in opposition to the East, nevertheless this time a different region. And Again the East was fighting against this new world order and Americas quest for world subordination in a globalising world. The aim of the essay is to explore the relationship between the cold war and the war on terror in Afghanistan and to find similarities in political patterns and warfare, in order to answer the question.Main Body HistoryMain question RelationshipThe cold war marked the struggle between America and the USSR after the Second World War. The war influenced international affairs majorly. It influenced the way conflicts were handled, the way countries were divided up and the increasing growth in ordnance stor e production. The United States of America as well as the USSR had weapons of mass destructions in nuclear form, which formed a global terror for all humanity. However, both superpowers were witting of the exceeding dangers of their nuclear weapons. Therefore they would not fight an open war against each other. However they fought wars by proxy, supporting other countries to fight each other on their behalf. An example of this is the Vietnam War. While the Soviets supported the communist north of Vietnam, the United States supplied the anti-communist south with weapons and fighters. Therefore it was not just a war between matrimony and South Vietnam but a proxy war between the Soviet Union and America. America perceived the USSR as anti-democratic and as oppressor of civil liberties. However one can argue that capitalist America was opposing the USSR because they were spreading communist ideas and they were anti-capitalist and therefore an obstacle to global domination. (REF) The USSR perceived America as severe threat to their communist borders. Both parties lived in a form of paranoia about one another, with feelings of suspicions and distrust and this lack of understanding of politics and cultures lead to a dangerous course, which was the cold war. In the late 1970s Afghanistan was experiencing political difficulties. Hazifullah Amin, the prime minister had a plan to change Afghan politics and society and to do away with Muslim traditions in order to introduce a more western system. This did not please most Afghans who valued their Muslim traditions. Therefore they joined the mujahideen, a rebel group who opposed Amins regime and Soviet intervention. It is interesting to know that the Taliban are a faction derived from a group of mujahideen. (REF) The Soviets fought a hopeless war against the group in the unfamiliar territories of the mountains. Though the Russians were a superpower they did not prevail against the guerrillas, who they deemed terrorists . The mujahideen eventually overthrew the Afghan government and drove out the Russians. Furthermore, it is believed that the mujahideen had sponsors as well as access to American missiles. As such it can be argued that America used the guerrilla group as proxy against communist Russia. Now at the beginning of the twenty-first century, many years after the cold war, a different yet similar type of threat engages the United States. terrorism nowadays is part of constant political debate. America was wounded deeply on 9/11 which lead the nation to fight on open ended war against terrorism and to invade Afghanistan. The nation believed, as former US president George W. Bush said that the al-Qaeda and Taliban were evil doers who go along the course of fascism, Nazism and totalitarianism. (Ref) Bush himself here draws a parallel to the Cold war. Further he states that either you are with us or you are with the terrorists. (CNN) Terrorism was an evil that had to be fought and neutralised. Afghanistan needed to be freed from its extremism and it needed a reasonable system with liberal democracies and western values. Again there was a divide between the west and the east and between freedom and oppression. And again on both sides there was the readiness to immediately use powerful military force. However one important difference between both wars is that during the cold war, though wars were fought by proxy, the opposing nations still had civilised meetings and debates in order to find a pacific solution. The war on terror however, did or does not leave room or time for negotiation. Whether the perception of the threat was exaggerated or the response remove has been debated since day one of the invasion. However America should not have been so quick to invade Afghanistan. There are many reasons for this argument, firstly because Afghanistan as a country did not attack the United States but it was the work of a small group of people in Afghanistan. (REF) Secondly Ame rica should have aimed to meet with leaders of the Afghan government to discuss a cooperation in order to capture terrorists groups and to tackle the problem internally. If this would have failed, the States would look for other alternatives and if all cooperation failed, then threaten the country with an invasion. America was wounded, it was hurt, ashamed and scared and yes it was angry and demanded action, yet the action it took was not the right one. It has been over eight years since the invasion of the core East and not much has been achieved. As the Cold war can be describes as a war of ideas, so can the war on terror be describes as a war of ideas and values. The Cold war was a competition and struggle for power. It lasted for decades but the states involved did negotiate and did meet in discussion to find possible solutions to the conflict. In contrast, the war on terror does not accept negotiations between the west and the terrorists. Though there are cooperation between m any states worldwide to combat terrorism, there is no real communication between the states who matter, namely between the West and the East. However during both wars America dealt with a perceived threat and fear of the foreign. There emerged a new national security state with internal surveillance and increased security measures. (REF) Nowadays more and more intelligent surveillance technology is being developed. However these inventions might not always be ethical and they do pose a threat to civil liberties. In the case of the newly manufactured 3D full body scanners at airports, which are so detailed that it becomes possible to perfectly see a person naked, people and groups have been outraged. The state faces a difficult decision between increased security and the protection of peoples privacy. (The Guardian) However, the terrorist threat of al-Qaeda also can be seen as different from the danger of the USSR. While the al-Qaeda is a relatively small group, the Soviet Union is a n enormously large state, with a great amount of nuclear weapons, forces and allies. While the first was about a struggle for power, the later is a struggle against the influence of western capitalism and mistreatments. however both the Soviet Union and the al-Qaeda were and are fighting against capitalist ideas. This is not to suggest that Russia has terrorist features. But it is to identify the relationship between the two conflicts. thusly it can be said that there is a continuation of the fight against capitalism and therefore a continuation of the conflict between the West and the East. Also this conflict is a fight against globalisation. As capitalism thrives on an ever shrinking and interconnected world, with open borders and free markets which globalisation facilitates.

Aggressive Driving Can Lead To Road Rage Essay -- essays research pape

It starts with just a moment of tailgating, or maybe the guy in front of you cut you rancid or wouldnt let you into the fast bridle-path. In some cases it appears that incidents of road love are caused by simple misunderstandings between drivers. A driver may make a momentary error of judgment but the perception of another driver is that he or she is driving aggressively. Then suddenly it turns into institution War III on the highway. It matters little what causes it a bad day at the office, a love affair going bad, realisation cards maxed to the credit limit. All it takes is a sudden movement of someone elses wheels, and within seconds a normally mild mannered motorist is consumed with a red-eyed, m forbiddenh-foaming surge of passion that grabs more of us every day. Road Rage, something that has always simmered on the back burner of motoring America, is now going off like fireworks. Motorists who have snapped and committed undreamt violence are mostly men and women with no known histories of crime, violence, or alcohol and drug abuse. They are the people typically described by neighbors the nicest woman or man or a wonderful mother or father. Father, mother, son, daughter, they all have their own ways of getting mad. Some slam on the brakes, jump out of their cars, open the trunks and grab anything that they get their hands on. Others use baseball bats, knives, mace, pepper spray, fists, or some simply pull out a pistol and start firing away. Why are these drivers turning their anger and frustrations into road rage and what solutions can we propose to stop this road rage?Some say that one of the main causes of aggressive driving which usually leads to road rage is highway congestion. The road construction on the major interstates adds to lane closures and distractions to motorists. A motorist is driving the speed limit and then immediately has to slam on their brakes because another motorist sees the lane closures and decides to cut in front of them . This type of driving makes motorists mad because they know tha... ...sp We can attack and reduce the dangers of aggressive driving. Each of us should take a look at our own driving habits and those of our friends and loved ones. The government can help with road improvements and law enforcement, but solving this problem will require people to convince their behavior. Working together, we can make our roads safer and prevent deaths and injuries.Works CitedBowles, Scott and Overberg, Paul. Aggressive driving A road well-traveled. USA at present 12 July 1999. USA TODAY on America Online. America Online. 27 September 2000.Ledford, Joey. Women taking their rage to the road. Post-Dispatch 19 Sept. 2000. Post-Dispatch on America Online. America Online. 21 Sept. 2000.Leiser, Ken. ROAD RAGE commuter train COMBAT IN AMERICA. Post-Dispatch 19 June 2000. Post-Dispatch on America Online. America Online. 19 September 2000.

Trends And Current Problems In Aviation: Cockpit Voice And Flight Dat

Problem statementOne of the most scrutinized pieces of evidence gathered from an aircraft accident is the collection of information contained in the Cockpit Voice registrar and Flight information Recorder. CVRs and FDRs paint an often haunting, but frequently useful picture of what occurred during the last minutes of an accident flight. This is not to say, however, that the recorders are always conclusive, or even useful. There are a handful of cases where the CVR and FDR tapes shoot broken, failed to record, stopped recording early, or not captured enough information to be useful to the investigation. Advancements in these devices are not new to the industry however, the pace is slow to incorporate new technology into current fleets. JustificationConcerns contact Cockpit Voice Recorders and Flight Data Recorders stem from all corners of the aviation industry. There are currently five outstanding NTSB recommendations to the FAA regarding the use of and reliability of CVRs and FD Rs. Of these five suggested improvement areas, the FAA has yet to respond to either of them, prompting the NTSB to place the issues on their list of Top 10 Most Wanted Safety Recommendations. Documented cases will be presented in this text where CVRs and FDRs have stopped recording seconds, and even minutes, before an accident. Other cases will examine incidents where the focus shifts to a hypothesis as to what may have been recorded on earlier portions of the tape. Either way, strong cases will be built to justify having CVR and FDR tapes not only record longer, but to record more information as well. Herein, we shall identify existing problem areas, areas where work is ongoing, and areas for which future plans are in existence. These topic areas can be identified as followsFDR and CVR military capability requirements for new aircraftFDR and CVR carriage requirements for existing aircraft (retrofit)Independent power suppliesCockpit video recordingDeployable recordersNTSB recommen dationsBackgroundHistoryFlight information recorders have been in use on commercial aircraft since the 1950s. The FAA requires two CVRs and FDRs to be installed on all aircraft capable of carrying ten or more passengers when u... ... a loss of power would result in 1/3 of the written matter being taped over. A good case is presented for 2 hour-long tapes. As technology speeds into the blue yonder, we can expect to see more innovations in in-flight recordings. genteel aviation has not progressed to the point where video cameras and deployable recorders are viable and reliable devices. Will it ever? We can speculate. For now, the recommendations that lie before the FAA appear sufficient. The current trends and problems surrounding recorders have seemed to be addressed by the Safety Board. It is up to the Feds now. Works CitedFDR/CVR. 2 May 2000. Frostell, Caj. Flight Recorder Carriage Requirements. Online Posting. 2 May 2000. Nordwall, Bruce. Deployable Recorders volunteer Potent ial Boon to Crash Recoveries. IPN International Product News. 20 March 2000. 86-87. Safety Issue Automatic Recording Devices. 2 May 2000. Sight Recorder. 2 May 2000. Chris DahlstrandTrends and Current Problems in Aviation