gun control1 essays

weapon control1 papers Since the times of the pioneers of the United States, guns have been a piece of the American convention as security and a methods for chasing or game. As we close to the furthest limit of the twentieth century the utilization of firearms has changed altogether. Due to quick andsteady increment in wrongdoing and the battle for the option to possess a hand weapon, the presentation of enactment for firearm control, to attempt to lessen the wrongdoing in the US, has been a fervently discussed issue lately. Albeit numerous individuals feel that weapon control damages the privilege of the individuals, allowed in the second revision the option to remain battle ready, controlling circulation and deals and the enlistment of firearms and weapon proprietors is vital in view of the manslaughter rate including weapons and the viciousness by crooks utilizing weapons. Numerous individuals feel that firearm control abuses the privilege of the individuals allowed in the second revision the right to carry weapons. Adversaries of firearm control, including the National Rifle Association, otherwise called the NRA, contend that the option To carry weapons is ensured in the second change of the Constitution of the United States of America and permitting limitations punish decent residents while not the slightest bit forestalling criminal utilization of handguns. It is additionally contended that by making it hard for weapons to be purchased and enlisted for the American open there is a danger to the individual security of American families all over. Anyway controlling the deal and dispersion of guns is important due to the manslaughter rate including firearms. In 1988 there were 9000 handgun related homicides in America. Metropolitan focuses and some rural networks of America are establishing new precedents for murders by handguns. Bigger Metropolitan places have multiple times the homicide pace of all Western Europe. For instance in Washington,D.C. there was an expected 400 murders including weapons. Furthermore weapon control has been viewed as essential as a result of ... <! Weapon Control1 papers One out of four family units in the United States have a stacked handgun. This shocking actuality is amazing yet obvious. Anybody in the family unit could access this savage gun. Firearm control is required in todays society. Firearm control would demonstrate that weapons arent a need of todays life. It would likewise bring down the crime percentage. Firearm control is an enormous factor of security. Weapon control is fundamental since it will demonstrate firearms arent required in todays world. Our society and our lifestyle have changed since the constitution was composed. When the constitution was composed, individuals didn't live near one another as individuals do today. Individuals lived on enormous ranches and chasing was their fundamental wellspring of food. They couldnt simply race to the store to purchase food. They needed to chase creatures for food. They likewise needed to shield themselves from the preliminaries of the unforgiving wild. They additionally required a weapon to shield themselves from creature assaults and hoodlums in the night. To these individuals, weapons were totally vital for endurance. Today, weapons are not required in light of the fact that we never again are in peril from those circumstances, thinking about the occasions have changed. Another model is the way that weapons are utilized for assurance. Weapons cause more destruction than insurance. It is exceptionally uncommon that a firearm is utilized to make harmony. In todays world, there The controlling of guns would cause the wrongdoing and murder rate to diminish. Most wrongdoings today include a gun. Somewhere in the range of 1933 and 1982, almost one million Americans were slaughtered by guns in murders, suicides, and mishaps. Since 1960, the greater part a million individuals have passed on as the consequence of firearm wounds. In 1992, at any rate 35,000 individuals had kicked the bucket by gunfire. Today, among all purchaser items, just vehicles outpace firearms as a reason for lethal injury. Firearms will probably pass them by 2003.â ¹ If weapons were better controlled, the crime percentage would go ... <!

What Exactly Is the American Dream

Aysia S. Bertrand What Exactly is the American Dream? The word â€Å"American Dream’’ is something that all Americans consider having each day. The â€Å"American Dream† can be utilized from multiple points of view like having the fantasy work you generally needed, carrying on with an ideal and cheerful life, or claiming a well lucrative business. Contingent upon how every individual envisions their â€Å"American Dream† decides if the individual sees achievement or disappointment. The â€Å"American Dream† as something every individual would experience and not let any person or thing hold up traffic to accomplish that dream.In my conclusion the â€Å"American Dream† resembles an objective. An objective one must follow to achieve ones dream, regardless of whether it is a short or long haul objective. The â€Å"American Dream† is the thing that makes the general public, since everyone is attempting to cause it to the highest point of b eing the best they to can be. Assurance, inspiration, and tolerance can prompt an effective American Dream,† be that as it may, surrendering, lethargy, and absence of information because of disappointment will shield one from accomplishing that dream.Determination is the demonstration or a case of settling on a choice. It is a decision one needs to make in accomplishing into that â€Å"American Dream. † If it is something one must have; for instance, a big deal advancement of being a chief or finding a remedy for malignant growth, at that point the individual ought to make a special effort to be fruitful in accomplishing ones â€Å"American Dream. † Motivation is the explanation one has for acting or carrying on with a certain goal in mind. For this situation one may require inspiration in accomplishing the â€Å"American Dream† it is an incentive.If there is someone one truly trusts or who the person can truly depend on to help and persuade them in to acc omplishing that â€Å"American Dream† then when the opportunity has arrived that â€Å"American Dream† will be compensated to the individual in question for their difficult work all due to the inspiration the person in question is getting. By accepting that â€Å"American Dream† ones need to have persistence, the ability to acknowledge or endure deferral, inconvenience, or enduring without blowing up or upset. To prevail at anything one must have tolerance and persistence.It requires difficult work, perseverance and a longing for something better, by having those characteristics and the craving and aspiration to convey the significant piece of the â€Å"American Dream. † Sometimes in getting the achievement in the â€Å"American Dream† one must be persistence all together for that extraordinary dream to come a reality. The â€Å"American Dream† probably won't come till one least anticipated it. The â€Å"American Dream† may come the f ollowing day or it will likely come in two years or something like that. One must have persistence all together be fruitful in accomplishing at getting the â€Å"American Dream. People who are surrendering, Laziness, and absence of information will lead one into disappointment from accomplishing ones dream. When abandoning whatever is attempting to assist one with accomplishing a fruitful â€Å"American Dream† in all likelihood the person in question is driving into the street of disappointment. Surrendering won't go anyplace. On the off chance that your apathetic one won't get anything achieve whatever that â€Å"American Dream† may be to the person in question won't be satisfied. On the off chance that one is attempting to find a respectable line of work the person in question won't lounge around trusting that the activity will come to them.They will take the necessary steps to land that â€Å"American Dream† position. Achievement just goes to the individuals who get ready well and put in exertion. Having absence of information can prevent one from accomplishing the â€Å"American Dream† in light of the fact that without having instruction it is somewhat difficult to accomplish anything in life particularly in the event that one difficult is to find a decent paying line of work. Everyone should be taught in the event that one is attempting to accomplish the â€Å"American Dream. † Education will consistently be the main key to progress. Martin Luther King Jr. tates in she speech,† I state to you today, my companions, that disregarding the challenges and dissatisfactions existing apart from everything else I despite everything have a fantasy. It is a fantasy profoundly established in the American Dream. †(691) In todays’ society, all Americans need what everybody longs for need which is to live the â€Å"American Dream† by having a major house, dream employment, and carrying on with an ideal existe nce without stress or laments. Individuals think they must be the best and have everything efficient, or they will feel that they are not getting anything achieved in accomplishing the â€Å"American Dream. Like what is said in James A. Autry article â€Å"If the â€Å"organization† doesn't exist in the psyches and hearts of the individuals, it doesn't exist. No outline can fix that. An organization’s work is basic: to give a structure, a configuration a setting where individuals can successfully utilize assets to achieve their objectives. † (136-137) Many Individuals ought to consistently follow the fantasy that they want the most, follow that fantasy until it is accomplished.Some people see the â€Å"American Dream† as deciding if the individual considers his to be hers as a triumph or disappointment. Assurance, inspiration, and tolerance can lead one to a fruitful â€Å"American Dream. † Works Cited Autry, James A. â€Å"Irrevent Thoughts Abou t Organization Charts. † The writing of Work. Ed. Sheila E. Murphy, John G. Sperling, and John D. Murphy. Phoenix: U of Phoenix P, 1991. 136-137. Print. Ruler, Martin Luther, Jr. â€Å"I Have a Dream. † Comp. Jean Wyrick. Steps to composing Well with Additional Readings. eighth ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2011. 691. Print.

Mariner 4 - Mission to Mars - Brief History of Mariner 4 Mission to Mars

Sailor 4 - Mission to Mars - Brief History of Mariner 4 Mission to Mars Mars is in the news a great deal nowadays. Films about investigation of the planet are mainstream, and a few space offices around the globe are arranging human missions in the following decades. However, there was a period in the relatively recent past in mankind's history when NO mission had been to the Red Planet. That was in the mid 1960s, when the Space Age was getting momentujm. From that point forward, researchers have been investigating the planet Mars with mechanical shuttle: mappers, landers, meanderers, and orbitersâ such as Mars Curiousity, just as the Hubble Space Telescope, which watches Mars from circle around Earth. But, there must be a first effective strategic kick this all off. Mars energy started when Mariner 4 showed up at the Red Planet on July 15, 1965. It got as close as 9,846 km (6,118 miles) from the surface and restored the principal great pictures of the cratered, dusty landscape. It was not the main strategic to Mars, however it was the primary effective one.â What Did Mariner 4 Show Us? The Mariner 4 strategic, was the fourth in a progression of planetary investigation missions, uncovered the cratered, rust-hued surface of the planet. Stargazers realized Mars was red from long periods of ground-based perceptions. Be that as it may, they were flabbergasted at the shading found in the shuttles pictures. Considerably additionally amazing were pictures that indicated areas demonstrating proof that fluid water had once carved its way over the surface. However, there was NO proof of fluid water anyplace to be found.â Notwithstanding different field and molecule sensors and identifiers, the Mariner 4 rocket had a TV camera, which took 22 TV pictures covering about 1% of the planet. At first put away on a 4-track recording device, these photos took four days to transmit to Earth. Once past Mars, Mariner 4 circled the Sun preceding coming back to the region of Earth in 1967. Specialists at that point chose to utilize the maturing make for a progression of operational and telemetry tests to improve their insight into the advancements that would be required for future interplanetary shuttle. With everything taken into account, the crucial an extraordinary achievement. In addition to the fact that it served as a proof of idea for effective planetary investigation missions, however its 22 pictures additionally uncovered Mars for what it truly is: a dry, chilly, dusty and obviously inert world.â Sailor 4 Was Designed For Planetary Exploration NASA assembled the Mariner 4 crucial Mars toâ be sufficiently extreme to get to the planet and afterward study it with a lot of instruments during its speedy flyby. At that point, it needed to endure the outing back around the Sun and flexibly more information as it flew. Sailor 4sâ instruments and cameras had the accompanying undertakings: study interplanetary fields and particles, including the attractive field of Mars, enormous residue, inestimable beams, and the sun oriented wind;take close-up pictures of Mars in order to discover the geologic and climatic procedures at take a shot at the planet over the eons;provide involvement with working long haul interplanetary missions.â The rocket was fueled by sun oriented cells that gave around 300 watts of intensity for the boats instruments and TV camera. Nitrogen gas tanks provided fuel for disposition control during flight and moves. Sun and star trackers helped the shuttle route frameworks. Since most stars were excessively diminish, the trackers concentrated on the star Canopus.â Dispatch and Beyond Sailor 4 rode to space on board an Agena D rocket, propelled from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station dispatch complex in Florida. Liftoff was faultless and a couple of moments later, the engines terminated to place the rocket into a stopping circle high above Earth. At that point, about an hour later, a subsequent consume sent the strategic its approach to Mars.â After Mariner 4 was well under approach to Mars, an investigation was affirmed to consider the impact of transmitting the shuttles radio sign through the Martian air not long before the rocket vanished behind the planet. This trial was intended to test the flimsy cover of air encompassing Mars. That assignment tossed crucial a genuine test: they needed to reinvent the shuttles PC from Earth. That had at no other time been done, yet it worked flawlessly. Truth be told, it worked so well that crucial have utilized it commonly with other rocket in the years since then.â Sailor 4 Stats The mission was propelled on November 28, 1964. It showed up at Mars on July 15, 1965 and played out the entirety of its crucial well. Controllers lost correspondence with the crucial October 1, 1965 to 1967. Then contact was reestablished for a couple of months before it was lost once more, for good. All through its whole strategic, 4 returned more than 5.2 million bits of information, including imaging, building and other data.â Need to find out about Mars investigation? Look at Eight Great Mars Books, and furthermore watch out for TV specials about the Red Planet. Its a definite wager that there will be an expanding measure of press as humankind prepares to send individuals to Mars.

Death Penalty Contradictory And Emotional Role in USA - 1375 Words

Death Penalty: Contradictory And Emotional Role in USA (Essay Sample) Content: Death penaltyName:Tutor:Institutional affiliation:Date:Death penaltyAbstractThe death penalty plays a contradictory and emotional role in American social and political culture. Recent evidence, however, suggests that the death penalty as a method of preventing capital crimes has a paramount role in preventing as many as eighteen or more murders for each execution. This evidence greatly unsettles moral objections to the death penalty, because it suggests that a refusal to impose that penalty condemns numerous people to death.This paper scrutinizes and clarifies strong reasons as to why the existence of the death penalty is essential to peace and tranquility of the society as a whole. In contradiction of the common belief that an innocent person may be sent to the gallows by a false conviction.The paper goes on to explain that various checks and balances have become available, that ensure that no innocent person is condemned while at the same time providing that no pers on who is guilty of the heinous crimes is allowed to go scot-free.The paper finishes by being for the existence of death penalty as it deters and helps to lower the crime rate among other advantages.IntroductionThe death penalty laws have faced a lot criticism from individuals in the recent years. Some people claim that it is a necessity which must be awarded to the most heinous crimes. Other individuals who advocate for human rights are dead right against the notion of the continuance of death penalties. The allege that any death penalty issued is a violation of the fundamental human right to life. They assert that the state has no right whatsover to end human life CITATION Rob09 \l 1033 (Rob, 2009). This paper will go on to elucidate the reasons why the existence of capital punishment is material to achieving justice in the state.Death punishment refers to the verdict, which legally terminates the natural life of a person. As a result, a persons life can be ended legally by taki ng recourse in the law, connoting that a person's life can be cut short from the natural span of that persons lifeDeath penalty is not a modern-day concept; it has been in existence since the ancient times. In the ancient times, the death penalty usually involved beheading the person and was awarded by the king for the explicit non-compliance of a person. In the 20th century, there was a movement for the abolition of the death penalty. In the year 1992 in a monumental ruling by the supreme court, all but a few penalty statutes in the United States were considered unconstitutional CITATION Fru92 \l 1033 (Fruman V. Georgia, 1992). Consequently, each of the 630 or so inmates then on Americas death rows was resentenced to life imprisonmentARGUMENTS PRO DEATH PENALTYBy conferring the most stringent punishment for the most heinous crimes, future crimes may be prevented. The majority of the advocates for the death penalty support it due to its deterrence function. Society has a high inte rest to prevent murder; hence society should use the strongest punishment available to deter crime. The fundamentals of psychology state that, when a person knows he is likely to get severely punished for a particular act, and the burden of that action far outweighs the benefit, it is only obvious that the person would not commit that act. The argument is that we must punish offenders to discourage others from committing similar offenses. Criminologist Robert Caldwell asserted, the most frequently and widely accepted argument for the death penalty is that the threat of infliction, deters people from committing capital offenses.  Hence by awarding the most stringent punishment for the most heinous of crimes, future crimes may be prevented.The death penalty seeks to ensure justice. The preamble to the constitution of the USA, aims to achieve all its citizens justice among other things. A just society requires the death sentence for taking a life. When somebody takes a life, the equ ilibrium of justice is disturbed. Unless that balance is restored, society succumbs to a rule of violence. Simply the taking of the murderers life restores the balance and allows the social order to show captivatingly that murder is an unendurable crime which will be chastised in kind. Any lesser punishment would undermine the value society places in protecting lives. We do not need to appeal to a religious justification for capital punishment. We can site the role of the state in dispensing justice. Now is it not fair to that a person who has committed the heinous of crimes, an individual who is potentially dangerous to society as a whole or individuals who have no ounce of remorse in them be shown the gallows? It will not be justice if people who have behaved in an inhumane behavior will be treated in the same manner as humane individuals.The death penalty is applied fairly and may be used. Under the USA constitution, capital punishment is not awarded without any basis or arbitrar y without any rationale or reasoning. It ia awarded only in the rarest of rare cases. Second, even if the death sentence is passed, the convict has a right to file a mercy petition, or due to unreasonable delay, there is a possibility that the death penalty might be commuted to life imprisonment. Discretion has consistently been an essential part of justice. Not a single person expects the prosecutor to pursue every possible offense or punishment. Each crime is unique, both because the circumstances of each victim are different and because each defendant is different. The USA Supreme Court has held that a mandatory death penalty which applied to everyone convicted of first-degree murder would be illegitimate. As a result, great care and restraint is taken before capital punishment to is awarded. That being the case it is plausible to conclude that the state does have a high regard for the life of its citizens and that it exercises the utmost care and caution before the death p...

Organizational Structure and the Affect on Its Members Essay

Organizational Structure and the Affect on Its Memebers MGT501, Module 1, Case Organizational Structure and the Affect on Its Members In today’s business economy, it is extremely important for companies and businesses to have a management structure, or organizational design, that optimizes the company’s valuable resources. As companies compete in the free market system of Capitalism throughout the global economy, the need for a successful organizational structure becomes extremely important to gain advantage in the competitive market. Businesses and organizations require an organizational design which allows them to compete in the global economy with a high degree of effectiveness and efficiency. Trained and qualified employees are†¦show more content†¦Organizational structure includes, but is not limited to, power and reporting relationships such as those in organization charts, behaviors required of organization members by organizational rules, and patterns of decision making and communication among organization members. It encompasses both formal and informal aspects of relationships between members (Ambrose amp; Schminke, 2003). This section will discuss the aspects of the matrix, mechanistic, and organic organizational designs. Mechanistic Organizational Structure According to C.S. Spell and T.J. Arnold, the mechanistic organizational structure is rigid and tight indicative of traditional bureaucratic environments. In this type of structure, power is usually centralized and communication is channeled through rigid hierarchical chain of commands. Job descriptions and decision making styles in the mechanistic structure are very uniform and formal (Spell amp; Arnold, 2007). With mechanistic structures, executives make decisions and middle managers implement those decisions through delegation to employees. Because middle managers do not usually have a voice in decision making in this type of organizational structure, middle managers may feel powerless. Middle management may not always agree with executives decisions, yet are required to implementShow MoreRelatedQuestions On Organizational Theory And Behavior1459 Words   |  6 Pages COURSE: ORGANISATIONAL THEORY AND BEHAVIOR COURSE CODE: MGT 4020 INSTRUCTOR: DR. SIKALEI DAMARY GROUP ONE INTERNET EXERCISE: ORGANISATIONAL CONTEXT: DESIGN AND CULTURE MEMBERS ID NO GITATA IAN MWANGI 639068 MBEERA KEITH 641323 NDERITU SUSAN NJERI Read MoreThe Impact of Technology in Developing Effective Teamwork in Organizations1147 Words   |  5 Pagesgroup carrying out the organizational activities and processes. The importance of teamwork in an organization is evident in the fact that the complexity of organizational processes requires individuals and groups to tackle the activities efficiently. However, teamwork in an organization is achieved through proper strategies, mechanisms, and structure that are implemented carefully and efficiently. For instance, effective teamwork requires employees to engage in organizational processes with the commitmentRead MoreDeterminants of Organizational Culture1386 Words   |  6 PagesDETERMINANTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE At the very onset of this topic, it is useful to distinguish determinants and dimensions of OC. Determinants are the causes, while dimensions are the components of OC. You may say, determinants are those which influence whereas dimensions are those which are influenced.    Although OC refers to the internal environment of an organization, the nature of OC is determined by a variety of internal and external factors. One of the basis premises of organizational behaviorRead MoreOrganizational Structure As A Road Map Essay855 Words   |  4 Pagesdefined chain of command where it’s structured in a unique way depending of what kind of organization it is. Organizations uses its structure as a road map which ensures that the organizations operations lead to its goals, objectives. The definition provided for organizational structure by the business dictionary (2015) is â€Å"the typical hierarchical arrangement of lines of authority, communications, and rights of duties of an organization. Organizational structure determines how the roles, powerRead MoreUse Of Power And Coercive Power928 Words   |  4 PagesUsing power to gain compliance Power is used by everybody and is classified into five different types of power; legitimate, reward, coercive, expert and referent. A skilled leader should utilize a combination of these five sources of organizational power. A leader that knows when and how to use these various types of power will help the organization gain compliance. How much compliance garnered will be dependent on an employee’s interpretation of the power presented. Below I will discuss how rewardRead MoreOrganizational Behavior and Leadership Essay937 Words   |  4 Pagesposition in a social unit? Group role 5) Which type of group is defined by the organizations structure? Formal group 6) Which term describes the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually? Social loafing 7) What is a strength of group decision making? Increased diversity of views 8) Which statement is true about work teams? Members of the group generate positive synergy through coordinated effort. 9) What type of team isRead MoreCriminal Justice Organizational Effectiveness Essay1084 Words   |  5 Pages departmental organizational effectiveness must also be considered when determining overall health of the US CJ system. In order to efficiently deliver the public’s expectations of protection and safety, the development of the CJ system encompasses decision makers from all level of government including legislative body members. However, the effectiveness of the criminal justice organization is highly dependent on federal, state, and local departmental interactions. Organizational Effectiveness Read MoreDifferences Between American and Indian Managers Essay845 Words   |  4 Pagesthey focus their energy in leading. India leaders prioritize their responsibilities, for instance, chief input for business strategy, keeper of organizational, guidance model of workers and representative of owner and investor interest. While American believe they shareholder interest are their major concern. The India leader believe that it’s important to understand the strategy development in company. The American leaders focus on profit-center heads, leaving the India leader to focus onRead MoreCase Study : The Hotel Organizational Structure839 Words   |  4 PagesThe Hotel Organizational Structure is divided into four section that includes; food and beverage operation and rooms, marketing and finance. The staff close relation or contact with guests is regarded as â€Å"front of the house† and what the guest are not cognizant of is called â€Å"back of the house.† For instance the wait staff of the restaurant is regarded as front of the house on the contrary the kitchen staff is back of the house. In grand hotels, responsibilities of division are held by managers andRead MoreCostco Wholesale Corporation s Organizational Structure1500 Words   |  6 PagesCostco Wholesale Corporation’s organizational structure is based on the company’s current operation and locations as well as the market. The organization structure is the shape to connect different organizationa l components to address the business needs. Costco’s organizational structure active enables the management of operations in different markets. Even though Costco is the biggest membership warehouse club in America, and designed it structure for success in the management of it business in

Analysis Of The Book Celia A Slave - 1396 Words

Tyler Hinden United States History I Dr. Heckel 11/23/15 Celia A Slave The book â€Å"Celia A Slave† starts off with mainly a young black girl named Celia. She get sold in a slave auction to a man named Robert Newsom. This man continually rapes Celia who gets pregnant with his child and gives birth to the child. The sad part is that the child she just had would grow up to be her father’s property later in her life. Then it changes when one day Mr. Newsom attempted to rape Celia again when she accidentally killed him. She then cuts him up and burns his body and attempts to get rid of all the evidence. She ends up be caught and has to go through the legal system to decide if she is guilty or innocent. Celia pleas that it was self-defense which was legal at the time women to kill if their life was in danger but she was a slave and those rules didn’t apply to her. Even thought there were laws to protect women and slave the Judges usually didn’t listen to black women and just did what they thought was right in t heir case. The judge was also a racist and would not move her execution date back so that they could figure out if Celia was guilty or not but he declined that and left it the same. People end up kidnaping Celia before her date to hang but these efforts didn’t work for long. Celia later ends up being convicted for murder and is sentenced to death. It was never a fair trial in the first place with all the racism in America at the time. It was a long shot that she wouldShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Celia A Slave 1267 Words   |  6 PagesWhite slave owners in United States religiously practiced slavery during the antebellum period. The book Celia a Slave is a factual interpretation of an isolated incident that depicted a very common fear every salve of the time inhibited. By illustrating the tragic life of a young female slave who was constantly raped by her master, the author Melton McLaurin, informs our generation of the horrific trades of slavery. The story of Celia is an emblem of the racial problems that is still facedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Celia A Slave Melton Essay1268 Words   |  6 PagesThe book Celia A Slave Melton McLaurin is telling us what happened to a slave owner and a slave that he brought. This story goes into details on the day of June 23,1855 about how a female slave that murdered her master and how she tried to cover it up. This story took place not far from Jefferson City in Calloway Country here in Missouri when around this time there were still debates over what state is going to be free and what states is going to be a slave one. As you’re reading the book you willRead MoreAfrican American Women Slave Revolts2163 Words   |  9 PagesSoftly: African American Women, Slave Revolts, and Historical Constructions of Racialized Gender† is an attempt by Rebecca Hall, to uncover women’s participation in slave revolts and to address a concern of why enslaved women were silenced in revolt. She also focuses on why certain aspects of slave revolt are seen as exclusively male activities. To accomplish her task, she uses a number of book excerpts from prominent historians, as well as many sources from accounts of slave revolts in history. AlthoughRead MoreBibliographic Essay on African American History6221 Words   |  25 PagesAmerica Vol. I: 1619-1863 and Vol. II (Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998), which emphasizes culture; and, Darlene Clark Hine and Kathleen Thompson’s Shining Thread of Hope: The History of Black Women in America (New York: Broadway Books, 1998), a work highlighting the presence of women. Juliet E. K. Walker’s The History of Black Business in America: Capitalism, Race, Entrepreneurship (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1998) is a general historical overview of blacks in business acrossRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work

Story Of An Hour Vs. Barbiedoll Essay Example For Students

Story Of An Hour Vs. Barbiedoll Essay Many authors explore gender roles in their writings. Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour uses gender in describing a woman that feels socially oppressed in her marriage. Marge Piercys Barbie Doll explores gender roles by describing a woman as she goes through life and her infatuation with becoming the perfect image of society. Each of these authors uses women and how these women deal with their situation. Kate Chopin uses nature and Mrs. Mallard inner feelings, while Marge Piercy uses societies assumptions and their effect. Kate Chopins The Story Of an Hour is a perfect example of social oppression that takes place in many marriages. The Story of an Hour shows that marriages no matter how much love can be an institution that oppresses, represses, and is a source of discontent among human beings. Mrs. Mallard has just found out that her husband has been killed in a train accident and she also is tragically stricken with heart disease. Mrs. Mallard loved her husband. She wept at once aft er finding out that he had been killed and went away to her room alone. She would have no one follow her (Chopin 27). She goes into the room and makes her way to the window. There stood, facing the open window, a comfortable roomy armchair. Into this she sank, pressed down by physical exhaustion that haunted her body and seemed to reach her soul (Chopin 27). She felt depression coming upon her so she looked into the sky for answers. Marriage was not kind to Mrs. Mallard, her life was dull and not worth living, her face showed the years of repression. If she did love this man, why was marriage so harmful to her? Marriage was a prison that she had come to realize and she knew that her social oppression had finally come to a close. Marriage oppressed her, she needed freedom, freedom to grow and experience new and exciting things. Free! Body and soul free! She kept whispering (Chopin 28). By this she meant she could finally see the world as it as she wanted to see it. She was finally fr ee to do what she wanted when she wanted. Mrs. Mallard loved her husband, but she loved freedom more. In Marge Piercys Barbie Doll a young girl is troubled by the classification of what it takes to become a beautiful woman.Barbie Doll details the image that society projects upon women. From an early age young women struggle to conform to the standards that society has defined for them. Beautiful dolls such as Barbie are frequently the first source of association that young girls have with the image that society has placed upon them. From the start the girlchild was given gifts that stained in her mind as what she was suppose to become in life. With the little dolls, GE stoves and irons, and lipstick her parents put this ideal image of the perfect woman in her head. With these types of presents the girlchild is already learning her role in society. In puberty a classmate delivers a cruel blow by telling her you have a great big nose and thick legs (Piercy 223). Here we see the beginning of a conflict that will plague the young girl for the rest of her life. Although a girl can be heal thy and intelligent, it is not expected for her to possess the physical qualities of strong arms and back, abundant sexual drive and manual dexterity (Piercy 223). These traits typically being male, the young girl sees them as being unnatural and negative. The girl feels as if she owes society an apology for possessing these characteristics. Piercy drives the point home by writing, everyone saw her fat nose on thick legs (Piercy 223). This line shows the ugliness the girl feels by not measuring up to the perfect sociological image. In the third stanza the girl is told, to play coy, exhorted to come on hearty, exercise, diet, smile and wheedle (Piercy 223) to attract men. She is to employ these things, which are actually fake, and not a true representation of what she is on the inside.She is to do these things to solidify her role as the ultimate female. Her good nature wore out like a fan belt (Piercy 223) symbolizes this loss of self and a change in the girls attitude. The girls em otional suffering is so intense that she cut off her nose and her legs and offered them up (Piercy 224). As a result of her depression she chooses death as a solution to end her pain and to compensate for the loss of her true identity. The one society failed to recognize and adore. .ud87dbce1206da5bcc54fc74ae4f63f43 , .ud87dbce1206da5bcc54fc74ae4f63f43 .postImageUrl , .ud87dbce1206da5bcc54fc74ae4f63f43 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud87dbce1206da5bcc54fc74ae4f63f43 , .ud87dbce1206da5bcc54fc74ae4f63f43:hover , .ud87dbce1206da5bcc54fc74ae4f63f43:visited , .ud87dbce1206da5bcc54fc74ae4f63f43:active { border:0!important; } .ud87dbce1206da5bcc54fc74ae4f63f43 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud87dbce1206da5bcc54fc74ae4f63f43 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud87dbce1206da5bcc54fc74ae4f63f43:active , .ud87dbce1206da5bcc54fc74ae4f63f43:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud87dbce1206da5bcc54fc74ae4f63f43 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud87dbce1206da5bcc54fc74ae4f63f43 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud87dbce1206da5bcc54fc74ae4f63f43 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud87dbce1206da5bcc54fc74ae4f63f43 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud87dbce1206da5bcc54fc74ae4f63f43:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud87dbce1206da5bcc54fc74ae4f63f43 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud87dbce1206da5bcc54fc74ae4f63f43 .ud87dbce1206da5bcc54fc74ae4f63f43-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud87dbce1206da5bcc54fc74ae4f63f43:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Langston Hughes was born in Joplin, Missouri, in 1902 EssayIn the final stanza of Barbie Doll Piercy utilizes ironic imagery to convey to the readers the senseless manner in which society views young women. Doesnt she look pretty? everyone said (Piercy 224). Tragically and ironically, the girl is recognized as pretty only in death. The author writes Consummation at last (Piercy 224) to convey to us that in death the girl has achieved societys goal for her. Each of these works portrayed women in different situations and how they handled them. In the Story of an Hour Mrs. Mallard finally find freedom but at the cost of her husbands death. In Barbie Doll the only way the girlchild could finally bestow the perfect sociological image was by suicide. Words/ Pages : 948 / 24

The Character of Peter Pan free essay sample

Have you ever dreamed of the place where you would never grow up, where you would never have to worry about your difficulties and live in happiness? The movie Peter Pan will bring you to that world. Peter Pan is a character created by Scottish novelist and playwright J. M. Barrie. It is about a mischievous boy Peter Pan who can fly and never grows up to live with his Lost Boys and fairies in the island of Neverland. And he likes to meet the children from the world outside. One day, he meets Wendy, a beautiful little girl in London and persuades her to come with him to Neverland. They have a great time until Hook, the leader of pirates, wants to kill Peter Pan to take over the Neverland. And at the end, Peter gives Wendy a first kiss and takes her back to her house because Wendy misses her family and wants to grow up just like other kids in her world. We will write a custom essay sample on The Character of Peter Pan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Peter Pan is sad but he knows he ought to let Wendy choose her own life and he makes a promise to visit her in the future. Being matured, many people wish to get back to their childhood to never grow up again. They dont have to worry about their lives and think too much to make theirs better. They Just lay around and have fun, scared of getting old and sick. But a wish is Just a wish; everyone will have to pass over their childhood and one chance to grow up only. So come with me, where dreams are born, and time is never planned. Just think of happy things, and your heart will fly on wings, forever, in Neverland. said Peter Pan to Wendy. Certainly, every kid will come when they can make their dreams come true and they will be kids forever. So will Wendy. She thinks Peter Pan and the Lost Boys are her good friends she ever has. The friendship of them comes strong when they ogether fght for their freedom toward Hooks. Everyone has a dream. At least when they are still kids, because children love to dream. Peter Pan is considered as a giver for children who want to achieve their dreams and live with happy things. One of the dreams that the kids make is to be able to fly. And Peter Pan told them to think of happy things, have the happy thoughts because happy thought make them fly easily. And by the help of fairy Tinkerbell, it is much easier. But the children have to leave their parents to fly to Neverland, the world of children. And who will take care of them? Who will feed them? They will never be able to take care of themselves or else because they are forever kids who dont know how to do anything except playing around and having fun anytime. And then they will start being bored and missing their parents. All of them who are kids want to be with their parents. The movie has expressed the picture of the boys who lost their family, came to live in Neverland. They have been told by Peter Pan and his fairy Tinkerbell to get away from the world outside and never grow up in Neverland. Although the kids will not grow up, they can die and can not age. They are not immortal. How sad when the children have no one to take good care of them. Especially Peter Pan, the most lost boy at all. The reason Peter Pan comes to Neverland is because he does not want to grow up and die and also his mother wants him to go to law school like his father. Then Tinkerbell comes and saves him by taking him to Neverland. Later, he comes back to visit his family and they have another baby, they forget about him. The director has also told us in he movie that some family dont care much for their children and because of that, not too late to change, but they need time to change at all. The friendship of Peter Pan and Wendy has grown up passionately when Tinkerbell is being Jealous that Peter Pan pays all attention to Wendy only. He forgets about Tinkerbell. But at the end, Tinkerbell understands why Peter does that. Just because Peter Pan never meets anyone like Wendy before, he thinks Wendy is his mother rather than a lover. Because Wendy knows how to take care of him and makes him happy. It shows more in the movie when Hooks uses Tinkerbell to catch Peter and his Lost Boys and of course Wendy. She has strengthened Peter Pan when he is getting hurt by Hooks and Peter from losing his flying power now can fly again and destroy Hooks and his pirates. Giving the peace back to Neverland and knowing how special Wendy is in his heart. Even though Peter Pan and Wendy live in two different worlds, but their heart always direct to each other no matter what. Peter will never grow up but Wendy. Barrie has done a great Job on Peter Pan novel. He lets the viewers know that some children they want their dreams to come true, but besides that, they still also want to live in their real world with their parents and their friends. The dream must affect the reality that what people are expecting at that period of time. Barrie characters Wendy as a nice girl who loves her family very much. So Wendy refuses to stay with Peter and brings her brothers back to their world with their parents. Not all the kids are the same; some of them Just like their family the best and understand the eaning of having a dream come true might have them to lose their family. In brief, this is one of the best movies for children and parents also. Kids never want to grow up because they think they will not have more fun when they are older. But the fact is that life of a human exists from birth, aged, sick and death naturally. Barrie has messaged us that we can be able to get away from the age for a certain time but we can not be immortal. We cant live forever. Peter Pan is characterized as a dream giver to those who want to live everlastingly. But he is also the one to take the dream receivers back to the reality, being normal kids. Peter Pan is totally different from other children, he refuses to be aged. He also represents for a number of children who lack the care of their family. They can be growing up themselves but they will have the same thought as they are young or old. They will not be matured. Barrie wants to point out so that mothers and fathers will know what they should do to take care of their children in the right way. They should know how to direct their kids on the path to the future successfully.

Using the Spanish Verb Decir

Using the Spanish Verb Decir Decir is the is one of the most commonly used verbs in Spanish; it typically is the equivalent of to say or to tell in English. Examples of Using Decir Usage of decir is straightforward for English speakers. Context will tell you whether say or tell is the better translation.  ¿Quà © dices? (What do you say?)Ella me dijo que iba a volver. (She told me she was going to return.)El presidente dice que su misià ³n central es relanzar la economà ­a. (The president says his prime mission is to relaunch the economy.)Yo digo que nuestro sistema de justicia es un cachondeo. (I say that our justice system is a joke.)A decir verdad no me gusta. (To tell the truth, I dont like it.)Nos decimos que nos amamos. (Were telling ourselves we love each other.) ¿Cà ³mo se dice airport en espaà ±ol? (How do you say airport in Spanish?) ¿Por quà © decimos sà ­ cuando queremos decir no? (Why do we say yes when we want to say no?) Grammar Involving Decir When someone is told something, the person to whom something is told is represented by an indirect-object pronoun. The logic behind this is that the thing being said is the direct object, while an indirect object represents the person affected by what is said. Le dije adià ³s. (I told him goodbye.) ¿Quà © le vamos a decir a la gente? (What are we going to tell the people?)Les decimos que no estn solos. (Were telling them that they are not alone.) In general, decir que (to say that) is followed by a verb in the indicative mood, but no decir que is followed by a verb in the subjunctive. Dije que somos amigos. (I said that we are friends.)No dije que seamos amigos. (I did not say that we are friends.)Decimos que nuestro paà ­s tiene futuro. (We are saying that our country has a future.)No decimos que nuestro paà ­s tenga futuro. (We arent saying that our country has a future.) Common Expressions Using Decir Se dice que or dicen que can be used for the equivalent of it is said that or they say that: Dicen que nadie es perfecto. (They say nobodys perfect.) ¿Por quà © se dice que el mezcal es una bebida mgica? (Why do they say that mezcal is a magic drink?)Se dice que hay hadas en este bosque. (It is said that there are fairies in this forest.) Es decir can translate phrases such as in other words, that is to say, and meaning. Los espacios blancos dan la perspectiva de mas espacio es decir dan la sensacià ³n de ampliacion de los espacios. (The white spaces give the perspective of more space. In other words, they give the feeling of the spaces being expanded.)Hay muchos usuarios de Linux, es decir Ubuntu, Fedora, etc. (There are many users of Linux, that is to say Ubuntu, Fedora, and so on.)Machu Picchu recibià ³ a 1419,507 visitantes en 2016, es decir 3889 por dà ­a. (Machu Picchu hosted 1,419,507 visitors in 2016, meaning 3,878 daily.) Conjugation of Decir The conjugation of decir is highly irregular; it is irregular in every tense except for the imperfect. Changes are made to both the stem and the ending. Also, the present participle and past participles are diciendo and dicho, respectively. Here are the conjugations in the present, preterite, and future indicative tenses: Present: Yo digo, tà º dices, usted/à ©l/ella dice, nosotros/nosotras decimos, vosotros decà ­s, ustedes/ellos/ellas dicen (I say, you say, you/he/she says, etc.) Preterite: Yo dije, tà º dijiste, usted/à ©l/ella dijo, nosotros/nosotras dijimos, vosotros dijisteis, ustedes/ellos/ellas dijeron (I said, you said, you/he/she said, etc.) Future: Yo dirà ©, tà º dirs, usted/à ©l/ella dir, nosotros/nosotras diremos, vosotros dirà ©is, ustedes/ellos/ellas dirn (I will say, you will say, you/he/she will say, etc.) Spanish has several verbs based on decir that are conjugated in the same way. Among the most common are contradecir (to contract) and bendecir (to bless). Key Takeaways Decir is a common verb that means to do or to say.Decir is conjugated irregularly in most of its forms.Se dice que is a popular say of saying they say that.

An Investigation into the Current Success Factors for Small and Medium Essay

An Investigation into the Current Success Factors for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Thailand - Essay Example The type of businesses involved in this study is small and medium business enterprises (SMEs), which are characterized by being relatively smaller than larger enterprises (LEs) in terms of the number of employees or amount of fixed assets. The geographical region in focus is the country of Thailand in South East Asia. A range of different types of SMEs will be included from various sectors so that the findings are representative of Thai SMEs in general. Thus, it includes the production, wholesale and retail sectors. We shall adopt the classification of SMEs as defined by the Thai Institute for Small and Medium Enterprises Development (ISMED, 2010) as follows: Enterprises in the production/service sectors: no more than 200 employees or no more than Baht 200 million in fixed assets. Enterprises in the wholesale trading sectors: no more than 50 employees or no more than Baht 100 million in fixed assets. Enterprises in the retail sectors: no more than 30 employees or no more than Baht 60 million in fixed assets. Similarly, the study will not be confined to SMEs in a particular area of Thailand because that would not necessarily be representative of Thai SMEs. ... These are primarily related to the areas of administration, management, finance, technology, human resources, and marketing (Garengo, and Bernardi, 2007). For example, the problem of gaining access to sources of funding is very common. Often, SMEs are unaware of potential sources of finance, lack the management skills to satisfy lenders, and are unable to meet lenders’ rigorous assessment criteria and screening process (Atrill, 2006). Even then, SMEs are often not able to receive sufficient access to credit, as do LEs. The nature of this particular problem however is not unique to Thai SMEs as it is a similar situation with SMEs elsewhere, even in developed countries such as Europe (European Commission, 2006). Other problems include lack of employee-training (Thassanabanjong et al., 2009), especially in family-owned SMEs (De Lema and Durendez, 2007) an informal approach if not negligible regard to human resource management (HRM), and consequently low productivity (Huang, 2003) . SMEs seeking to grow are often unable to cope with globalization and e-commerce challenges (Tiessen et al., 2001) and in addition have difficulty gaining access to international markets (Worthington & Britton, 2009) and in developing successful growth models to expand regionally or globally (Li & Tan, 2004). Global SMEs looking to expand into Thailand often have difficulty in establishing ties with local networks (McNamara, 2005). Managers of SMEs typically have full responsibility for the organization, so management issues tend to be more acute in SMEs than in LEs where there are typically several tiers of management. In addition, as Kotey (2005) noted, management practices in SMEs tend to be â€Å"informal, unstructured and seldom focus on strategic

Nosocomial Infections and Intervention Strategies Assignment

Nosocomial Infections and Intervention Strategies - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that Good Health Hospital has proved to be among the best hospitals in the region since its inception. The medical professionals and all members of staff are always committed to ensuring delivery of quality services to patients. The hospital has had a good reputation for excellent staff, good patient relations, and top quality services. In the recent past, several cases of E. coli have been reported at Good Health Hospital. E. coli exists in a variety of types but most varieties a less harmful to human health. Research by medical professionals has shown that E. coli bacteria live in the intestines, for both people and animals. Symptoms of E. coli infection include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting. E. coli emanates from taking contaminated food and water. E. coli may lead to death or permanent health problems if appropriate measures are taken on time. Nosocomial diseases can be termed as an infection that a person gets while attending to in a health institution. The goal of this task is to explore the nosocomial infections, intervention strategies, and recommendations on how to control and manage the various types of nosocomial infections. Records of Good Health Hospital show that a number of nosocomial diseases have been reported. Among the commonest nosocomial infections at Good Health Hospital includes surgical site infection, pneumonia infection, and unitary tract infection among others. It is crustal for medical professionals and other people involved in providing health care to understand the different types of nosocomial infections and how to prevent them. The period between 2009 and 2011 recorded about 10,000 cases of skin and soft-tissue infection. The people surveyed were African Americans, Native Americans, and Asian Americans. The patients included both males and females of the age between 5-18 years, 50-65 years and those above the age of 65 years.

HR Training and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HR Training and Development - Essay Example should be to make sure that the employees follow a certain standard operating procedure within the workplace and they must not adhere to any other specifications than what have been told by the organization. The training procedures need to be elaborate covering all necessary details in such a manner that there is enough learning for everyone. The training regimes therefore bank on the experience which has been gained and which shall be used for the betterment of the employees in the long run (McCracken, 2005). The effectiveness of the training programs is significant and this can be gauged through the productivity shown by the employees once they implement these training realms within their respective quarters. This means that the different tangents behind these training modules would ask for a better understanding of the employees as per their work measures and how they are able to showcase their strengths and weaknesses as and when

The Cause of Voter Apathy in Canada Essay -- Cause and Effect Essays

What causes voter apathy? Why, in the most recent federal and provincial elections, did roughly 40% of eligible voters stay home? Perhaps candidate A, running for party A led by leader A, is not perceived as being significantly different from, or better than, candidate B, running for party B led by leader B. This lack of perceived difference between candidate-party-leader A and candidate-party-leader B, is not the only problem in an election. It is also impossible to vote directly on an issue. Yes, you can let an issue influence how you vote, but on election day you are forced to endorse one candidate, party and leader and repudiate all other candidates, parties and leaders. Issues take a back seat to personalities. In theory, voters can have their specific concerns addressed during an election. But that's not reality. Elections simply do not provide voters with a direct say on any issue. Rather, elections are centered on personalities. The real question, the only real choice, is as to which party should run the province or the country. A vote for an Opposition Party candidate is a vote to replace the Government Party, and a vote for the Government Party candidate is a rejection of the Opposition Parties' bid for power. But Canadians cannot use their ballots to implement - or to reject - any specific policy concerning health, education, labour, social services, the criminal justice system, fiscal issues, the environment, energy, infrastructure, agriculture, etc. Total control remains with the politicians up to five years at a time. And when voting day finally arrives, issues are drowned out by one big question: which leader/party should be the Government/Premier, or the Government/Prime Minister? Even when issues are ... ...vote for MLAs and MPs, they are also smart enough to vote in a referendum on an issue of their choice. By increasing the individual voter's effectiveness, citizens' initiative decreases voter cynicism. Citizens' initiative enables the active participation of all voters in their democracy. It reduces the influence of those who lobby politicians behind closed doors. Citizens' initiative gives taxpayers the power to ensure that difficult and controversial issues cannot be avoided or ignored. Citizens' initiative makes politicians more accountable and more responsive to taxpayer concerns at all times. The fact that citizens could put a proposal on the ballot puts pressure on politicians to act on the concerns of Canadians. In short, citizen-initiated referendums will increase accountability and openness, empower taxpayers, and improve our representative democracy.

Guiding Principals of Professional Learning Communities Essay

Normally, in a professional learning community also known as a PLC, the educators work together brainstorming ideas, lessons, and activities that will support a plan to be implemented all in hopes of the student’s achievement. A professional learning community can benefit a school’s environment by reinforcing teacher morale and leadership skills. As the school moves forward, every professional in the building must engage with colleagues in the ongoing exploration of three crucial questions that drive the work of those within a professional learning community: †¢ What do we want each student to learn? How will we know when each student has learned it? †¢ How will we respond when a student experiences difficulty in learning? The answer to the third question separates learning communities from traditional schools. A PLC can serve as a support system that motivates teachers to follow a guided plan. Educators who are building a professional learning community recog nize that they must work together to achieve their collective purpose of learning for all. Therefore, they create structures to promote a collaborative culture. This plan can include classroom assistants, parent volunteers, and other school personnel like librarians. The PLC culture can influence teachers through numbers. When teachers come together and have strength in numbers they can support each other, collaborate, and brainstorm the most effective methods and techniques to instruct the students. Even the grandest design eventually translates into hard work. The professional learning community model is a grand design, a powerful new way of working ogether that profoundly affects the practices of schooling. But initiating and sustaining the concept requires hard work. This is where the challenges may arise. It requires the school staff to focus on learning rather than teaching, work collaboratively on matters related to learning, and hold itself accountable for the kind of results that fuel continual improvement. A PLC will construct a solid foundation of committed teachers who are passionate about their career and working with families a nd fellow colleagues. The benefit(s) of a PLC is that everyone has the opportunity to be involved and share goals and positive learning experiences of the schools learning environment. When educators do the hard work necessary to implement these principles, their collective ability to help all students learn will rise. If they fail to demonstrate the discipline to initiate and sustain this work, then their school is unlikely to become more effective, even if those within it claim to be a professional learning community. The rise or fall of the professional learning community concept depends not on the merits of the concept itself, but on the most important element in the improvement of any school; the commitment and persistence of the educators within it. In conclusion, educators who work together form structured atmospheres that promote learning. References Barth, R. (1991). Restructuring schools: Some questions for teachers and principals. Phi Delta Kappan, 73(2), 123-129. Marzano, R. (2003). What works in Schools: Translating research into action, Alexandria, VA: ASCD.

Systematic Desensitization Definition and Research

Desensitization, commonly referred to as systematic desensitization, is  a type of behavioral therapy technique in which patients gradually become exposed to certain fear stimuli in order to overcome the fear. Desensitization is a part of cognitive therapy treatment, or  conditioning, that targets a specific phobia without addressing the causes of that phobia. Since its first practice in the mid-20th century, systematic desensitization has routinized the treatment and management of many phobias. Key Takeaways: Desensitization Desensitization, or systematic desensitization is a behavioral therapy that helps people overcome irrational fears through gradual exposure to the fear stimuli.Desensitization does not take into account the underlying causes of the fears it treats.The technique has been used successfully on people experiencing stage fright, test anxiety, and numerous phobias (e.g. storms, flying, insects, snakes).Compared to regular psychoanalytic therapy, desensitization takes a shorter period of time to achieve results, can be conducted in groups, and requires limited training of counselors. History and Origins The first clinical use of systematic desensitization was described by the pioneer behavioralist Mary Cover Jones (1924), who found that both direct conditioning and social imitation were effective methods for eliminating childrens fears. She concluded that the best way to break down maladaptive responses was to introduce the feared object while the child was enjoying him or herself. Jones colleague and friend Joseph Wolpe is credited with the operationalization of the method in 1958. He based his research on the simple idea that if a person could reach some state of relaxation that is antagonistic to anxiety or fear, and then experience that fear in some way, the overall impact of that fear would be reduced. Wolpe found that relaxation in the face of situations that had previously evoked anxiety tended to reduce the fear attached to the stimuli. In other words, Wolpe was able to substitute a relaxation response to a maladaptive neurotic habit. Important Studies Jones study focused on a three-year-old boy named Peter who had developed a pathological fear of a white rabbit. Jones engaged him in eating—an enjoyable practice for him—and over time slowly moved the bunny closer to him, although always at a sufficient distance so as not to interfere with his eating. Eventually, Peter was able to stroke the rabbit. Wolpe based his study on psychologist Jules Massermans conditioned reflex experiments, which he produced experimental neuroses in cats and then cured them using desensitization. What Wolpe did was to devise other methods for treating the cats, in a manner he called reciprocal inhibition. Like Jones, he offered the cats food when presenting the conditioned fear stimulus. He then applied those theories to clinical patients. He concluded that forcing people to face their fears often resulted in frustration, whereas combining relaxation with stepwise exposure to different levels of their fears (called a hierarchy of anxiety) successfully weaned them from their phobias. Wolpe reported a whopping 90 percent rate of cure or much improvement in a series of 210 cases. He also reported that his cases did not relapse and did not develop new kinds of neurotic symptoms. Key Theories Systematic desensitization is based on three hypotheses that underlie much of behavioral therapy: It is not necessary to find out why or how a subject learned a phobia.The methodology of stepwise exposure to increasing levels of a given fear does not lead to a replacement of learned behaviors.It is not necessary to change the person as a whole; desensitization targets specific responses to phobias. The existing response or neurotic behavior, said Wolpe, is the result of learning a maladaptive response to a stimulus situation, a conditioned fear. Systematic desensitization defines that fear as a true conditioned emotional reaction, and so a successful treatment involves the patient unlearning the response. Usefulness of Systematic Desensitization Desensitization works best on people with specifically definable fear responses. Successful studies have been conducted on people with fears such as stage fright, test anxiety, storms, closed places (claustrophobia), flying, and insect, snake, and animal phobias. These phobias can be truly debilitating; for example, storm phobias could make life intolerable to the patient for several months out of the year and bird phobias could trap a person indoors. The rate of success seems to be related to the degree of sickness shown by the patient. As with all psychology, the least ill patients are the easiest to cure. Those things which do not respond well to the treatment are nonspecific or widely generalized states of fear or anxiety. For example, agoraphobia (fear of the marketplace in Greek, referring to a generalized anxiety around being in public), has proven to be comparatively more resistant to desensitization. Systematic Desensitization vs. Psychoanalytic Treatment Results since the 1950s have generally supported the effectiveness of systematic desensitization in modifying phobic behaviors and have demonstrated its short-term as well as long-term superiority over traditional psycho-dynamic treatment options. The success rate is often quite high. Benson (1968) cites a study by Hain, Butcher, and Stevenson of 26 cases of psychoneuroses. In that study, 78 percent of patients showed systematic improvement after an average of 19 sessions—one exhibited success after a one single hour and a half session. Follow up studies of a year later reported that 20 percent of the participants saw even more improvement, while only 13 percent saw relapses. Compared to traditional psychoanalytical treatment, systematic desensitization sessions do not require a  drawn-out process. Wolpes average of success was only ten 45-minute sessions, depending on the clients ability to learn relaxation techniques. Others have found an average of about that found by Hain, Butcher, and Stevenson, 19 or 20 sessions. In contrast, psychoanalysis to identify and treat the underlying causes of a particular fear or sets of fears, as well as study the entire personality, can take hundreds if not thousands of sessions. Unlike psychoanalysis, desensitization can successfully be done in small groups (6–12 people, for example).  No elaborate equipment is required, just a quiet room, and the techniques are easily learned by school counselors and others in counseling roles. In addition, desensitization is applicable to a wide variety of people, anyone who has good powers of visual imagery. They dont have to be able to verbalize and conceptualize their performance: Three-year-old Peter was able to learn to pet the bunny. Criticism There is clearly a high success rate—although more recent studies suggest the long-term success rate is likely around 60 percent rather than Wolpes 90 percent. But some scholars, such as psychologist Joseph B. Furst, see systematic desensitization as a method that oversimplifies the complexities of neuroses, fear, and anxiety. It ignores the social surroundings and practices of the patient which likely both originally caused and presently maintain the neurotic behaviors. Desensitization has little effect on symptoms of depression, obsession, and depersonalization. However, as the treatment progresses, some patients report improved social adjustment. As they experience decreased fear, they report that they work better, enjoy their leisure more, and get along better with others. Sources Benson, Steven L. Systematic Desensitization in the Treatment of Phobic Reactions. The Journal of General Education 20.2 (1968): 119–30. Print.Bernard, H. Russell. The Science in Social Science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109.51 (2012): 20796–99. Print.Deffenbacher, Jerry L., and Calvin C. Kemper. Systematic Desensitization of Test Anxiety in Junior High Students. The School Counselor 21.3 (1974): 216–22. Print.Furst, Joseph B. The Relation of Form to Content in Psychiatric Thought. Science Society 32.4 (1968): 353–70. Print.Gelder, Michael. Practical Psychiatry: Behaviour Therapy for Anxiety States. The British Medical Journal 1.5645 (1969): 691–94. Print.Jones, Mary Cover. A Laboratory Study of Fear: The Case of Peter. Pedagogical Seminary 31 (1924): 308–15. Print.Kahn, Jonathan. Musicians Stage Fright: Analysis and Remedy. The Choral Journal 24.2 (1983): 5–12. Print.Morrow, Willi am R., and Harvey L. Gochros. Misconceptions Regarding Behavior Modification. Social Service Review 44.3 (1970): 293–307. Print.Rutherford, Alexandra. Introduction to a Laboratory Study of Fear: The Case of Peter Mary Cover Jones (1924). Classics in the History of Psychology. 2001. Web.Wolpe, Joseph. Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1958. Print.Wolpe, Joseph, and Arnold Lazarus. Behavior Therapy-Techniques. New York: Pergamon Press, 1969. Print.