Native Americans in the United States and Thanksgiving Essay

The American image of Thanksgiving is much different from the historical facts. The American vision is a big happy celebration with many people sitting around a long, wooden table. This, sadly, is not historically accurate at all. In this essay I will explain the current American’s Thanksgiving story as well as the historically accurate version. Today, Thanksgiving in America consists of big family gatherings, plentiful food, and giving thanks. One of the more obvious differences between the current Thanksgiving and the first on is the food. Today, everyone has an electric oven to bake breads, pies, and cakes. In the early American days electricity had not been invented yet. This meant that cooking meat was long, tedious, and over a fire. The early pilgrims and Native Americans had no way to bake all the foods we have today. In the earlier days, the people would hunt their food. The first Thanksgiving probably consisted of wild turkey, deer, fowl, and fish. This is very different from the big, farm-raised, store-bought turkeys that sit on our tables today. If you ask any elementary student, they will describe Thanksgiving as many happy pilgrims and Indians around a big table with plenty of food to go around. This, again, is incorrect. The Native Americans and pilgrims were quite hostile during this time. Several pilgrims had died by cause of disease and malnutrition. Many of the Native Americans had also been killed off because of Indian raids from the pilgrims. Some fragments of the current American’s story of the first Thanksgiving are correct. The famous Native American, Squanto did help the pilgrims learn how to APUSH APUSH Unit 1 Essay plant food. He was there, helping create peace between the two groups of people. The pilgrims were very thankful for Squanto and his help, as we give thanks today. The meal eaten at the first Thanksgiving was similar to the Thanksgiving meal we eat today, with few differences. They ate wild turkey, along with other hunted meat and vegetables. The differences between the American’s view of the first Thanksgiving and the historically accurate version are abundant. The pilgrims and Native Americans were very hostile toward each other at the time of the first Thanksgiving. Food was not as plentiful as it seems. There were far less people than thought at the first Thanksgiving due to disease, malnourishment, and Indian raids.

Eight C’s of Effective Communication Essay

Almost every text on writing or speaking skills lists a set of criteria that can be used to judge the effectiveness of a document or presentation. If this list of words, all beginning with the letter C, helps you remember some of the criteria for good writing, the technique of alliteration has worked. If, however, this list leaves you cold, create your own list, but remember to retain the concept of each C-word in your newly created list. |Clear |This is the most important C-word. If your reader cannot understand what you are trying to say | | |or if he/she has to reread a section of your document, you have failed to communicate. | | |Choose simple words/sentences—this is especially critical when describing complex ideas. | | |Make only one point at a time. | | |Offer frequent examples or provide illustrations to support your main points. | | |Interpret critical results for your reader. | | |Restate your ideas when appropriate | |Complete |Have a definite topic sentence or introductory paragraph | | |Answer all of the reporter-type questions (who, what, when, where, and why) in the middle | | |section of your document. | | |Have a definite concluding sentence or closing paragraph. | |Concise |Check for repetitious or unnecessary words that can be deleted. | | |Choose shorter words where appropriate | | |Shorten sentences where appropriate. | |Convincing |Emphasize the benefits of your point of view/position statement. | | |Provide your rationale for reaching a conclusion. | | |Recognize any objections your readers may have to your position. | | |Allow your passion about your topic to come through your writing. | |Compelling |Create a document that is a â€Å"page-turner. † | | |Engage your reader by describing critical data as if you were verbally telling him/her a story. | |Courteous |Think of any document as a tool for building good will. In general, create a tone of | | |friendliness and helpfulness. | | |Respond to the reader’s WIIFM’s. | |Creative |Allow your personality to come through your writing. | | |Draw colorful word pictures for your readers. | | |Challenge yourself to find new ways to talk about old ideas. | |Correct |Proofread for careless spelling, grammar, and punctuation errors. | | |Use transitions to ensure the reader understands the logical sequence of your ideas. | | |Make sure you have a defined beginning, middle, and end. |

According to case study...calculate data then analysis it about Essay

According to case study...calculate data then analysis it about Foreign exchange market - Essay Example My paper discusses some political risks, the implications, methods of valuation of stock, and risks associated with buying a business. Peterson Valve Company is interested in Milagrol LTDA because he thought of diversifying its operations globally and to gain access to processes that would be costly to develop. Milagrol LTDA needed the capital to support research and development to expand the business and they believed in venturing into a merger to be able to manage the research to expand the business. Milagrol was an already established company and had its share value in the market so Peterson did not have to start from scratch to develop the company. In buying a business an investor has to ensure that they have access to all important information about the company being bought, this way they can assess the potential risks associated with buying it and the real value of the business (Juha, 2008). Accessing all information of the company involves checking all the dimensions of the business such as financial performance, legal and tax compliance, contracts, property and rights and all assets and liabilities within a specified period of time (Miller, 1992). Some of the risks involved include changes in the branding of the company. These information will be crucial in making the buying decision and also help the values in reaching to a final method of stock valuation. The customers of Milagrol LTDA may have problems with a change in the management. Smart accountants can hide items such as debts of the company from the balance sheet and some of the expenses from the income statement hence acquiring a business with accumulated debts. C onsider the possibility of transferring losses from the old company to the newly acquired business, the practice of moving the business assets allows the newly acquired management to differentiate assets that they can develop from long term and short term losses.

Current Events and History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Current Events and History - Essay Example People who present current events are more forceful and effective than in the past, with the help of various modernized reporting mechanisms established by the growth of technologies. History is a discipline which is utilized to decipher interpretations from previous or past occurrences. Such concept is utilized in modern disciplines and social fields to symbolize a perspective of the value of previous events which leads with the manners that interpretations of historical events is being analyzed and interpreted by media. There are various manners in which history can be described. This involves investigating, comprehending the hidden hypotheses, outlines, concepts that establish the framework for idea and concepts and realization. History possesses various aspects of definition in different areas of analysis and investigation. Both current events and history simply pertain to the field of stating situations and phenomena as they happen. Such stating includes gathering, investigation, authentication, and illustration of data collected in relation to current events, topics, individuals, and present conditions. Primarily, current events and history give solution to the ever famous 5Ws and 1H - who, what, when, where, why, and how.

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 6

Law - Essay Example In this paper, laws are discussed as far as their determinations of the levels of freedom people enjoy are concerned (Locke 15). In America, there is a law governing each activity. From handling children to the amount of sugar in a Coke bottle, everything in America follows given guidelines. Operating without these guidelines often lands people in trouble ending in jail terms and fines. While the breaking of laws occurs in every country, the United States is often ridiculed for having laws on subjects that could be easily resolved using other methods. Being the most elaborate constitutions on earth, the United States constitution has a profound effect on the way people handle other people and live life in general (Locke 24). First, having some rules in place limits people’s freedom of movement. For example, moving from one state to the next requires that one informs their original state’s Department of Motor Vehicles and then updates their driver license to that effect. Failure to do these often results in one’s license being suspended. It is actually illogical that a nation with a single currency, president, and national flag should have different laws on the same issue. Secondly, having too many laws limits people’s imagination since it scares them into believing whatever they are up to could land them behind bars. In this sense, many people fear entering businesses such as the trading of commodities since one just does not know to differentiate between legal and the illegal. In essence, being without laws has its advantages and disadvantages. While not clouding people’s judgment, it gives people freedom to carry out evil deeds unchecked. As Hobbes once said, the existence of such a â€Å"dissolute condition of master less men, without subjection to Laws, and a coercive Power to their hands from rapine, and revenge† would be a breeding grounds for all vices bent on curtailing civilization and comfort. Laws shall thus remain

Technical aspects of cables stayed bridges Essay

Technical aspects of cables stayed bridges - Essay Example In simple terms, cable-stayed bridges carry mainly vertical loads that act on the girder. Immediate support for the girder is provided by the stay cables so that the bridge can extend over a long distance. Basically, the structure of a cable-stayed bridge is such that it is constructed of a series of overlapping triangles made up of the tower, the pylon, the girder and the cables, which are usually under axial forces, and are considered flexural and efficient. The cables are always under tension whereas the girder and the pylon are under compression. This report looks at the history of cable stay bridges, examines the configuration and design structure, technical requirements, offers a description of various bridge structures and an analysis of the bridge structures. The report concludes by offering recommendations for stay-cable design, installation and testing. Introduction A first glance at cable-stayed bridges raises some interesting questions from both the public and bridge engi neers, who find them technically challenging and innovative, as well as the architects. The cable-stayed bridges attracted public attention when the Stromsund Bridge in Sweden was completed. ... Basically, the structure of a cable-stayed bridge is such that, it is made up of a series of overlapping triangles, made up of the tower, the pylon, the girder and the cables, which are usually under axial forces, and are usually considered flexural and efficient. The cables are always under tension whereas the girder and the pylon, under compression (Dayaratnam 2000). Overtime, cable-stayed bridges have become very popular in bridge engineering; there are more than seven hundred cable-stayed bridges in the world today. With advancement in technology and architectural design, the length of cable-stayed bridges has significantly increased over the years. For instance, the first major cable-stayed bridge built in 1955, the Stromsund Bridge in Sweden, spanned 183m; in the 1970’s, the Neuenkamp bridge in Germany spanned 350m and was considered the longest one then until the 1980s when another bridge, the Alex Fraser-Annacis Island bridge, spanned 465m was completed (Denney Pate & Rohleder, Jr., 2008). This was, however, surpassed in 1994 by the Normandie bridge that spanned 856m. Today, the longest span cable-stayd bridge is the Russky Bridge, in Vladivostok, Russia, spanning 1,104m, completed in 2012 (Svensson 2012). Configuration of Cable-Stayed Bridges The concept of cable-stayed bridges as illustrated in Figure 1 was that cable suspension was to be used to replace piers as intermediary support for girder, so that it could withstand the vertical load over a long span or distance (Morgenthal & Yamasaki 2010). As a result, the first cable-stayed bridges spaced stay cables far apart based on the maximum girder strength. The

Biography on Andrea del Verrocchio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Biography on Andrea del Verrocchio - Essay Example However he won a place among the most competent and well known and excellent artists that seemed to be accepted and known as to be masters on their fields of works. He was young when he studied science and geometry. Be a goldsmith on his early years, he mastered the field over other older goldsmiths. In San Maria del Fiore at Florence, he worked for a cup which was very well-known to all goldsmiths. The cup’s body was designed by abstract shapes, and images of leaves and animals. In 1477, Verrocchio was known to all through his merits and reputation. He was then employed to work for the altar of S. Giovanni. He was asked by the art of merchants to do silver works for the altar. Thereafter, he acquired much appreciation and reputation. Meanwhile, at Rome, the Pope’s chapel’s silverworks were destroyed and they do not have yet those large apostles on around the altar of the chapel until Verrocchio was sent for them by Pope Sixtus to work on the silverworks for the Pope’s chapel. Verrocchio was an excellent goldsmith and he has done several well-known silverworks that were used by influential people on his time. However, Verrocchio decided to leave his being a goldsmith to try sculpture when he saw ancient statues that were sculptured excellently at Rome. One of such was place by the Pope at Lateran, the famous bronze horse. Accordingly, he abandoned his being a goldsmith. He left his silverworks and then he took up sculpture and began by carving little bronze figures and began casting little bronze figures. His trial being a sculpture immerged to excellence when his bronze-works were admired by fellow sculptures and several people in Rome. Verrocchio was encouraged by this; he then decided to work figures out of marble. His very first work using marble was done for a sarcophagus of a rich man’s wife. The rich man found the tomb excellent and considerable; the rich man was then encouraged by influential people to place his wifeâ €™s tomb in the open space of Minerva. Upon his return to Florence, he brought with him his earned money, fame and honor. He was inspired by the admiration and much appreciation by the people for his works. Thereafter, he did some marble-works for Madonna in S. Croce. It was then placed above the tomb of M. Leonardo Bruni' of Arezzo. Verrocchio also did metal replicas of the heads of Alexander the Great and of King Darius. The heads were like a fancy head whose character was emphasized though crests and armor design. The metal heads, admired by Lorenzo de' Medici, was later sent to the king of Hungary, Matthias Corvinus.  Verrocchio, having earned a reputation and much admiration as an excellent master on different fields, made the tomb of Giovanni and Piero di Cosimo de' Medici in San Lorenzo. As years passed, Verrocchio realized that he could not be higher than what he has in his sculptures and his previous works; though he was admired, his thirst for much appreciation and r eputation prevails. He was thinking that he has not excelled because of some comparisons among the accepted masters and other rivalries among his fellow sculptures. By this, he turned his time and eager attention to painting. To start with his painting, Verrocchio did some sketches of a battle of nude figures which he later plans to do in a wall but with colors. He also made some cartoon characters, and made some pictures as model. At Venice, Verrocchio made

Influenza Vaccine Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Influenza Vaccine - Research Paper Example This is to control the seasonal influenza. Influenza vaccine is justifiable on the scientific and public health debate. The old people who are usually more than 65 of age may be at risk of getting influenza. There is a need to carry out a wide immunization to the aged. However, information available in some countries may be limited. The data have to be shown that the old people are at risk of influenza. This data must be collected and made available on the basis that they can be used relevantly (Steckel, 2007, P.90). The same old group has to be presented the same data so that they can understand that they are at risk. Education is a key for them. They need to know the facts about influenza. Development of projects for stronger promotion of influenza vaccine among the old for both their own benefit, and that of their close care-takers. Offering routine free vaccination to the old encourages them to continue. This can be done by setting up policies that will provide the old a better l ife when infected with influenza. Financial and administrative barriers should be removed because they prevent the elderly persons from receiving influenza vaccine, use of standing programs should be introduced. Strategies have to be set in place to ensure the implementation of successful influenza vaccine. Personnel projects staff that are to be constituted in each given area and solely be responsible for giving vaccines to the old and the disabled. Self- reporting strategies and data submitted by those are responsible for caring the old people. Giving priorities to the old and the disabled will encourage them rather than letting them act on their own. When it comes to administering the vaccine, the old should be well informed and provided with the necessary support. Those who are close should help encourage the old to take the vaccines and educate them that they will have a less risk of exposure to transmission of influenza. Providing free transport to the aged and help them get t he vaccine at a lower cost, encourages them since they have less to struggle. Tracking of vaccines Use of administrative data This can easily be done by issuing labels and leaflets to patients who have been given the vaccine. This will help trace the amount and the use of the vaccine. In other scenarios, the issuer may wish to alter or change the name of the product so that it includes the unique code of the vaccine. Biological data This is done by an expert report or a current expert report. The following data may be used. Sampling and analyzing the composition of the vaccine, and use of clinical trial formula. Sometimes the advancement of the vaccine can be related to the manufacturing formula. This gives the actual formula of the vaccine effects and tracing. The copy of approved specifications of the vaccine can be recorded in a tabular form and then analyzed critically. If the vaccine has some sort of outcome, e.g. the passage level, then the same can be measured. Each of the wo rking effects can be compared to the approved specifications. Stability tastes sometimes is essential for good tracking results. A monthly or an annual stability testing control is sometimes good to adhere. Clinical data A well- revised report or an addendum, which is related to the current expert report, can be used. In other tests of clinical studies, tracking of new vaccine is

How EEOC and rehabilitation act define interacting with others as a Essay

How EEOC and rehabilitation act define interacting with others as a major life activity under the americans with disability act, how Supreme Court precedent def - Essay Example ecord of such impairment; or (C) being regarded as having such an impairment.5 The EEOC defines "a mental impairment" as "any mental or psychological disorder, such as mental retardation, organic brain syndrome, Bi-Polar Disorder II, emotional or mental illness, and specific learning disabilities,"6 for purposes of the ADA.7 Thus, the question becomes whether this impairment substantially limits a major life activity.8 Interacting with others is listed as a major life activity in the EEOC's Compliance Manual: "Mental and emotional processes such as thinking, concentrating, and interacting with others are other examples of major life activities."9 This listing is significant insofar as the Appellate Court accords "great deference to the EEOC's interpretation of the ADA, since it is charged with administering the statute."10 Although, the EEOC provides a list of examples of major life activities that does not include interacting with others,11 this list is not exhaustive, and courts have routinely recognized major life activities not included in the EEOC regulations.12 Interacting with others is analogous to the major life activities enumerated by the EEOC because it is an essential, daily activity.13 It is not possible to exist in our society without interacting with other people. "Interacting with others, by any definition, is a required precursor to an individual's ability to work, to love, to re produce, and to function on a day-to-day basis in modem society."14 Furthermore, interacting with others is no more difficult to define than caring for oneself, a widely recognized major life activity.15 B. Judicial pronouncements of the Supreme Court and applicable jurisprudence supports the view that "interacting with others" is a major life activity As social human beings we come into contact with each other on a daily basis and that contact involves the use of abilities such as seeing, listening, talking, communicating and walking.16 These abilities have been described by ADA as "major life activities". As previously stated, the EEOC has prepared a list of abilities that constitute major life activities and they are: "...functions such as caring for oneself, performing manual tasks, walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, breathing, learning, and working."17 These lists of abilities

Case Study Deloitte Case 09-8 Classified information

Deloitte 09-8 Classified information - Case Study Example In the year 2006, the gross profit increased by 8.6%, with the total net sales increasing to a figure of $ 86.5 million, the sassy Spa division yielding a net profit of $ 11.2 million. Contribution from the ‘Sassy Spa Division,’ therefore, increased by a whopping 287.18 %. This shows that the other divisions did not contribute much to increase in sales revenue in 2006. Contribution to the total profit in the year 2006 was therefore from sale of a fixed asset i.e. the sale of corporate HQ ($ 1.7 million), and winning a lawsuit against a supplier yielding further revenue of $ 2.7 million. This contributed to a non-operating income of $ 4.4 million in the financial year 2006. ‘420-10-S99’ codification standard defines such income as restructuring charges and may not be presented in an income statement as extraordinary items. Paragraph ‘225-20-45-16’ states that items which do not meet the classification criteria of an extraordinary item should be reported as component of income. Therefore, this figure can be added to the gross profit in 2006, yielding net revenue of $ 34.8

Psychodynamic Personality Theories Essay Example for Free

Psychodynamic Personality Theories Essay Contemporary society is intrigued with the notion of human behavior as it expresses itself in our personality. Psychoanalytic model is most noted for introspective strategies such as depth interviewing and projective techniques, which have emanated from its theoretical perspective. Classical psychoanalytic conceptualization approached the study of character or personality in two very different ways, each deriving from an early theoretical model of individual development. In the era of Freud’s original drive theory, an attempt was made to understand personality on the basis of fixation. Later with the development of ego psychology, character was conceived as expressing the operation of particular styles of defense. This second way of understanding character was not in conflict with the first; it provided a different set of ideas and metaphors for comprehending what was meant by a type of personality (Magnavita, 2002). The contemporary psychodynamic model of personality is very popular, particularly with clinical practitioners, and offers much that is useful for conceptualizing personality and personal disorders. The strength of this model seems to lie in the power of many of its fundamental constructs, such as the unconscious, defense systems, and the relation among component personality structures. It is hard to imagine a psychology of personality without some reference to these and other constructs. The limitations of this model are many. Unfortunately, after years of perpetuating itself in a closed system, a crisis developed about the viability of this model. Another draw back is the tendency to eschew empirical research, which would have established wider scientific acceptance. For many, the conceptualizations and esoteric language make it difficult to immerse oneself in what seems a dogmatic intellectualized system for those who hide behind language. In conclusion knowing where to approximately place an individual on the structural continuum is as much a clinical art as a science. Reference Magnavita, J. J. (2002). Theories of personality: contemporary approaches to the science of personality. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Classical Music From 1760 To 1810

Classical Music From 1760 To 1810 Why is the music of 1760-1810 described as classical. Explain the meaning of the term and how it relates to the music of that time. Refer to specific composers and works. In musical context, the term classical refers to the classical period which falls between the Baroque and Romantic period. I am going to be looking at the most well known composers of this era (J. Haydn, W.A. Mozart L.V Beethoven) and analyse how their music differentiates from that of the Baroque period and how it led into the Romantic era. Starting from c.1760, the first composer I will be looking at is Haydn. At the time when the influence of church on music development was diminishing, Haydn was lucky enough to be employed by one rich family of the Austrian Empire. This proved rewarding, as it gave him the freedom to explore many different aspects of music, which led to his crucial role in the establishment of the key classical forms (such as the Symphony, the String Quartet, the Sonata and the Concerto). Although versions of all these existed, Haydn standardized these into well established musical forms and promoted them. Due to the many operas in which he wrote before this period, Haydn was well acquainted with the sinfonia form. However he was not content with adhering to this Italian model and the striving for originality (which led to the success of his career) became apparent in his works from 1761. He added two oboes, two horns to his first symphony. The wind parts show nothing unexpected, while the oboes often double the strings. The horns play fan-far like figures. The melody is divided between the violins (treated as if the work were a trio sonata) although often they play in unison. The lower strings are bound together almost entirely as their function is to provide harmony while maintaining a forward driving rhythm. There are many baroque features, as to be expected. When Haydn ran the Esterhazy orchestra during the 1760s he had the opportunity to experiment with symphonic writing, and it was during this decade there where he produced his first great symphonies. Over these 10 years, he wrote approximately 40 symphonies, around half of which followed a four-movement form with an added minuet as the third movement. He also composed a long list of works in other genres, including operas, oratorios and choral works. Specifically referring to his first set of symphonies , (No.6 Le Matin, 7 Le Midi, and 8 Le Soir), Haydn used a variety of stylistic influences. The most evident quality of these works is their added richness (compared to the first symphony he wrote), which is not from the use of novel or unexpected instruments, but from the utilization of the concerto principle within the symphonic framework. In some movements the strings are scored as ripieno with a concertino of two violins and a cello. In almost all movements the wind players depart from the role of sustaining harmonies to become soloists. In all three symphonies, the trio of the minuet movement contains a prominent part for the double bass recalling baroque practices in the concerto grosso; yet Haydn, using the standard combination of flutes, oboes, bassoons, horns, and strings, creates a modern orchestra which are retained and used by him in his later symphonies. Haydns main intention at this time seemed to be the virtuosity of his musicians, as each of these three symphonies abounds prominent solos from almost every section. Haydns efforts to standardize the type of symphony proved successful and for that must be credited with the far-reaching innovation of adding one of the Dance forms as a separate movement (most commonly a Minuet although only used from the third symphony and thereafter). This was the most consistent design for a scholastic and artistic style of the Symphony. By the early 1770s, Haydn was well known throughout Europe and in 1781 his symphonies were published in England for the first time. One problem that Haydn gave his immediate attention to was that of unifying thematic material, it is out of such attempts his great innovation of the 1780s were evolved. Sometimes Haydn would base a whole movement upon a single melodic fragment; more often, when decided harmonic contrasts exist between theme groups, the second theme is derived from the first. Haydn seems to have not appreciated, in these early works, the importance that he would later be attached to just the element he tried to expunge, namely, the element of thematic contrast or conflict. Even in his later works the contrasts were seldom as clearly established as in the compositions of Mozart and early Beethoven. Thematic contrast is missing almost entirely in Symphonies No.3-42 (1759-1771), and lyric themes, such as occur in Mozart repeatedly, are equally rare. Haydn was well known throughout Europe when Mozart was a child. His six string quartets (often referred to as the Sun quartets) were written in 1772 and are said to be the inspiration for the six string quartets that Mozart wrote during his 1773 visit to Vienna. Haydn developed the polyphonic techniques he had gathered from the previous era to provide structural coherence capable of holding together his melodic ideas. During this time, Mozart developed an enthusiasm for violin concertos, producing a series of five which increase in their musical sophistication and technical difficulty. In 1776, he turned his efforts to piano concertos and in early 1777 his E-flat concerto was so popular, it is now considered to be his breakthrough work. It was around 1783-84 that Mozart met Haydn in Vienna when Mozarts reputation was on the rise. His opera the abduction from the seraglio had premiered with great success in Vienna and was in the process of being performed in many other cities. Mozarts Haydn quartets were written during the early years of their friendship and were published in 1785. These works are thought to be stylistically influenced by Haydns Opus 33 series which were released in 1781. This series was Haydns next important breakthrough, where melodic and harmonic roles segue among the instruments and often it is unclear what is melody and what is harmony. While Haydn spent much of his working life as a court composer, Mozart wanted public success in the concert life. This meant opera, in a virtuoso style. Moreover, Mozart also had a taste for chromatic harmony (and greater contrasts in harmonic language generally). In Mozart, Haydn found a greater range of instrumentation, dramatic effect and melodic writing. Their learning relationship worked both ways. Mozarts works, like Haydns stand as an archetype of the classical period. He was a versatile composer, and wrote in every major genre (symphony, opera, solo concerto, chamber music and the piano sonata). These forms had been well established by Haydn, but Mozart advanced the technical sophistication and emotional reach of them all. He almost solely developed and popularized the Classical piano concerto. The main features of the classical style are all present in Mozarts music. Clarity, balanced phrases, and transparency are the hallmarks of his works, but any simplistic notion of delicacy masks the exception power and force of his finest masterpieces, such as his Piano Concerto No.24 in C minor, his Symphony No.40 in G minor and the opera Don Giovanni. During Mozarts last decade as a composer, he exploited the use of chromatic harmony with remarkable confidence, which was rare at the time, but with great effect. At the peak of the classical period, composers were faced with a dilemma: enlarging the classical forms or simply abandoning them for a new musical paradigm. The political and social context around this time was calling for a major reshape of musical expression. When the age of revolutions began in 1789, the growing role of middle-class saw an increasing involvement by a new generation of artists and composers and this was reflected in the music that they wrote. Amongst this new generation of composers was Beethoven, who was the most crucial figure in this transitional period between the Classical and Romantic period, specifically his early years, which is known as his heroical period (up to 1812). From Beethovens first set of three piano trios, some of Mozarts techniques are evident such as avoiding the expected cadence. Haydn and Mozart were his strongest influences, but he explored new directions and gradually expended the ambition in his works. He did this through a number of techniques: a downward shift in melodies, increasing durations of movements, and the shift from vocal writing to pianistic writing. Also the increasing importance of varying accompanying figures to bring texture forward as an element in music became evident in his Symphonies. Slowly, direct influences of the Baroque period continued to fade: the figured bass grew less prominent as a means of holding performance together. The late classical period was demanding music that was internally more complex. The growth of concert societies and orchestras, marking the importance of music as a part of the middle class lifestyle, contributed to a booming market for pianos, piano music, and virtuosi. Furthermore, due to the growing number of performances where the composer was not present, it led to increased detail and specificity in scores. The transition became apparent with Beethovens 3rd Symphony (written in 1804), given the name Eroica which s Italian for Heroic. As with Stravinskys Rite of Spring, it may not have been the first in all f its innovations, but its aggressive use of every part of the classical style set it apart from its contemporary works: in length, ambition, and harmonic resources. Conclusion During the Vienna years, when Mozart was influenced by Swieten to take up the study of Baroque counterpoint, Haydn loaned him his personal copy of a textbook by Fux, a copy which was heaFux, a copy which was heavily covered with Haydns personal annotations.

Impact On Motivation At Times Of Change

Impact On Motivation At Times Of Change This study focuses on a research topic Impact on motivation at time of change on individual, on the basis of the theories of Research Methodology for Business. The outline of the project will cover: Chapter 1 provides the background of the study underlining main objectives, questions and hypothesis of the study. Chapter 2 focuses on general definitions. Models and theories related to motivation, leadership style influencing motivation at time of change and consultation process methods and models will be reviewed and described. References 1.1 Background In topical times, organizations are marked by constant changes taking place in its orientation, strategies and even structural set up. The workers need to constantly adapt themselves to such changes. This often cause stress on their mindset and affect their work quality. At this juncture it is important to shove away any misconception or doubts and bring back the trust, which is extremely essential for the organizational success. In order to achieve this, internal communication needs to be strong and effective. There is a possibility the motivation in the workforce might be restored through successful communication within the organization. Information Technology provides several options for this. E-mails, intranets and other innovations help in meeting the high demand of communication during such time of alteration within the organization (Wojtecki and Peters, 2000). Face to face communication also might help a lot to sort out the differences. There have been mostly separate studies about leadership and grapevine communication. According to McKenna (2000), leadership is an art that can get the optimum work required for the organization. The leader also communicates the organizations goals to his team members. He does not discuss about the communication that is more important between the leader and the team and the effectiveness when such communication occurs in an informal way that leads to more interaction and hence develops a bond with each employee and all together leads to commitment. Most of the studies so far have taken the formal side into consideration. In Contemporary issues in management and organizational behavior (Peter, Poole and Jones, 2005), the whole cycle of Team-leadership has been portrayed in analyzing group decision- making and learning. Later, a global perspective has been given. According to Robert E. Hoskisson, Organisational Structure specifies the firms formal reporting relationships, procedures, controls, and authority and decision making processes. (Hoskisson, 2008, p.100) This accrues to the basic framework of assigning roles, allocation of resources and provides a basis for cooperation, coordination and communication among the organizational hierarchy. (Hoskisson, 2008). Harris and Hartman discuss the problems of Grapevine. According to them, it is not a dependable source and cannot provide full information and maybe distorted. (Harris Hartman, 2002). In the article, Heard it through the grapevine: for communicating during change, facts and tips by Baxter-Southward, an extensive study has been done about grapevine communication- the negatives and the positives, and how to deal with this in organizations. However the right answer can be provided by a proper survey of the opinions of managers and workers. Whether such communication actually restores the faith and motivation is the area to be explored in this research. 1.2 Objectives, research questions and research hypotheses The objective of this study is to deal with the issue relating to organizational behavior and organizational development. This study is to analyze whether the successful communication by the organization to its employees at the time of change will result in the motivated workforce. Additionally, the research will analyze the effectiveness of good leadership and managerial as a means to improve productivity, employee job satisfaction and commitment. The core objectives of the study are: To understand the reaction of workforce to organizational change (qualitative and quantitative analysis) To understand the measures normally adopted by the managers under such circumstances (qualitative analysis; from the questions asked during survey). To find out whether communication within the organization help in motivating workers (quantitative analysis). Based on objectives, conceptualizing structure for this research has been developed. The main variables are evidently showed through coherent analysis in the structure. Based on this structure, the null and alternative hypotheses are developed as the followings: The reaction of the workforce is positive or negative at the time of change Managers can or cannot influence the motivation and hence the productivity of employees. Successful internal communication affects or does not affects the motivation within workforce at times of change. 1.3 Scope Change is inevitable. Whether an employee is at the top or the bottom of an organization, one thing employee can count on in the future is that there will be change. In this turbulent environment it is important for the managers to react quickly. Motivation of employees at the time of change via successful communication will be described. Moreover, it will be analyzed whether communication can or cannot bring a motivated workforce. Further more, the current research will be focused on essence of good leaders in motivating employees and increasing productivity. . 2.1 Change and Change Management Success is not just for survival it must be achieved in a world of intense competition, continued globalization, and rapid technology change (Schermerhorn, 1996). Currently change has become the part and parcel of every organization to predict future trends and to forecast the changes that need to be encountered. Change is an ongoing process in every organization and for the organization to be successful and survive in a dynamic environment, it is important to have effective management of human resources(Mullin, 2005). People are the major resource of any organization (MULLINS, 2005). The efficiency of staff, their commitment towards the aims of the organization, and the skills and attitudes they bring to stand on the quality of service offered will undoubtedly affect the overall success of an organization (MULLINS, 2005) So in order to achieve success, it is vital for the organization to develop communication processes, motivation processes and a working environment that will help to ensure that individuals will deliver results in accordance with expectations of management. 2.1.1 Core Principals that revolves around change: According to Bernstein (2003) over 70 % of all organizational change efforts fail to meet expectation and delivered planned results. Before implementing change in an organization it is very important for the leader to understand the difference between the change and the transition process. Additionally, a leader should keep in mind that the success of change implementation process is a key driver of how organization will deal with changes, how changes are directed and administered by the leader. According to Barons Greenberg (1990) there several principals about change: People perception about change Individual barriers to change: Economic insecurity Fear to Unknown Threats to social relationship Habits Failure to recognize need for change Additionally Barons Greenberg (1990) listed the following organization barriers to change: Structural inertia Work group inertia Threat to existing balance of power Previously unsuccessful change efforts According to Bennis, Benne, Chin, R. (1985) there are several key drivers to change: Nature of workforce Competition Technology Economic Shocks Changing social trends World politics 2.1.2Types of change Fig1 Types of changes Ackerman (1997) has distinguished between three types of change Type of Change Description Developmental Planned or emergent; incremental. It is change that enhances or corrects existing aspects of an organization, often focusing on the improvement of a skill or process. Transitional Episodic, planned, seeks to achieve a known desired state that is different from the existing one. It is and second order. Transformational Radical or second order in nature. It requires a shift in assumptions made by the organization and its members. Source: http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/RMM06299.html 2.1.3 Organization Change Management Model Kurt Lewin proposed a three stage theory of change commonly referred to as Unfreeze, Change, Freeze (or Refreeze). Theory was originally presented in 1947, but the Kurt Lewin model is still extremely relevant. Unfreezing Changing Refreezing Fig 2 Stages in Change Process Stages Description Unfreezing Old ideas and practices need to be cast aside so that new one can be learned. Changing New ideas and practices are learned. This involves helping an employee think reasons and perform in new ways. Refreezing It means what ever has been learned is integrated into actual practice. Source: http://www.change-management-coach.com/kurt_lewin.html Based on Hayes (2002) research of the most effective and commonly applied change, most change management processes contain the following three phases: Preparing for change (Preparation, assessment and strategy development) Managing change (Detailed planning and change management implementation) Reinforcing change (Data gathering, corrective action and recognition) (Shown in figure 3) Fig 3 Change management process phases Source: http://www.change-management.com/tutorial-change-process-detailed.htm 2.1.4 Phases in change Process People perceive change processes in seven typical stages (IPA, 2001). For successful implementation of change processes, it is important for managers to analyze that in which phase they can anticipate what type of troubles and situations. The seven stages are: Shock and Surprise Denial and Refusal Rational Understanding Emotional Acceptance Exercises and Learning Realization Integration Mainly flourishing organizations are those that are able to alter themselves to new environment rapidly. This requires planned learning and training processes that lead to better organizational efficiency. In an ideal world, employees are able to reflect their own behavior in relation to the organizational context (e.g. processes, products, resources, customers). Fig 4 Perceived Competence vs. Time Source: http://hr-horizons.blogspot.com/ Fig 5 Description of Phases Phase Description Shock and Surprise Confrontation with unexpected situations. This can happen by accident (e.g. losses in particular business units) or planned events (e.g. workshops for personal development and team performance improvement). These situations make people realize that their own patterns of doing things are not suitable for new conditions any more. Thus, their perceived own competence decreases. Denial and Refusal People activate values as support for their conviction that change is not necessary. Hence, they believe there is no need for change; their perceived competency increases again. Rational Understanding People realize the need for change. According to this insight, their perceived competence decreases again. People focus on finding short term solutions, thus they only cure symptoms. There is no willingness to change own patterns of behavior. Emotional Acceptance This phase, which is also called crisis is the most important one. Only if management succeeds to create willingness for changing values, beliefs, and behaviors, the organization will be able to exploit their real potentials. In the worst case, however, change processes will be stopped or slowed down here. Exercising and Learning The new acceptance of change creates a new willingness for learning. People start to try new behaviors and processes. They will experience success and failure during this phase. It is the change managers task to create some early wins (e.g. by starting with easier projects). This will lead to an increase in peoples perceived own competence. Realization. People gather more information by learning and exercising. This knowledge has a feedback-effect. People understand which behavior is effective in which situation. This, in turn, opens up their minds for new experiences. These extended patterns of behavior increase organizational flexibility. Perceived competency has reached a higher level than prior to change. Integration People totally integrate their newly acquired patterns of thinking and acting. The new behaviors become routine. Source: CA Carnall 2007 Managing Change in Organization Pearson Education 2.1.5 Resistance to Change Fig 6 Resistance to change Resistance to change consists of any employee behavior designed to discredit, delay or prevent the implementation of work change. According to Kotter (1996) resistance to change is the action taken by individuals and groups when they perceive that a change that is occurring as a threat to them. Most of actions that are taken to manage change fail due to improper planning and implementation (Coriat, 2002). There are three different types of resistance among employees (Newstrom Davis, 1993): 1. Logical Resistance 2. Psychological Resistance 3. Sociological Resistance Fig 7 Types of Resistance Type of resistance Description Logical Resistance Time required to adjust Extra effort to relearn Possibility of less desirable condition Economic cost of change Questioned technical feasibility of change Psychological Resistance Fear to unknown Low tolerance of change Dislike of management or other change agent Lack of trust in others Need for security Sociological resistance political coalitions opposing group values Parochial, narrow outlook Vested interest Desired to retain existing friendship Source: http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/corpstrtgy/changemmt/chngmgmt.htm According to Kotter Schlesinger (1979) there are four main reasons people in an organization resist change: Parochial self interest Misunderstanding Low tolerance to change Different assessment of the situations Fig 8 Reasons for change Reason for Change Description Parochial self interest People are more concerned about the effect of change on themselves rather than its consequences on the success of business. Misunderstanding Communication Inadequate information Low tolerance to change People are more interested in doing one kind of work because of security and stability in their work. Different assessment of the situations Different people have different opinion for the reason for change. Some consider it as advantageous and others disadvantageous. Source http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_kotter_change_approaches.html Kotter Schlesinger (1979) suggested ways to deal with the changes: Education and communication Participation and involvement Facilitation and support Negotiation and Support Manipulation and co-option Explicit and Implicit coercion Fig 9 Reasons for overcoming resistance to change Reasons for Overcoming Description Education and communication Educate people about the change effort in advance by giving them trainings so they can understand the logic behind the change. Participation and involvement When employees are actively involved in the change they are most likely to buy into change rather than resist them. Facilitation and support When people are trying to adjust with the situation, managers plays an important role by giving employees full support they require during the transition period. Negotiation and Support When someone loose out into change the managers can combat resistance by offering incentives to employees so that they do not resist changing. Manipulation and co-option It involves the patronizing gesture in bringing a person into a change management planning group just for sake of appearance rather than substantive contribution. Explicit and Implicit coercion Managers can implicitly and explicitly force employee to accept change by making them clear that resisting changing can lead to losing jobs. Source:http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_kotter_change_approaches.html 2.2 Motivation The level of performance of employees relies not only on their actual skills but also on the level of motivation each person exhibits (Burney et al., 2007). Motivation is an inner drive or an external inducement to behave in some particular way, typically a way that will lead to rewards (Dessler, 1978). Over-achieving, talented employees are the driving force of all firms so it is essential that organizations strive to motivate and hold on to the best employees (Harrington, 2003). In a turbulent environment where changes take place very often, therefore it becomes important for managers to analyze the level of motivation of each employee. Every individual have their own set of reasons to get motivated. Some individuals are motivated by financial factors while others are motivated by non financial factors illustrated in Figure 10. Motivation can be classified as external or internal motivation. Finishing deadline on time is an example of external motivation. The fear of loosing a job in case of uncompleted task is an example of internal motivation. Both the external and internal motivation is equally powerful. Figure 10 Financial Non financial motivators The four most powerful type of motivation that can influence an individual are listed below: Figure 11 Types of motivation Type of Motivation Description Intrinsic motivation Satisfaction in the work itself (pleasure, stimulation, learning etc) Extrinsic motivation Rewards for doing the work (money, promotion, perks etc) Personal motivation Individual values (a love of knowledge, power, security, self-expression etc) Interpersonal motivation The influence of other people (competition, collaboration, commitments etc) Human beings are complex in nature, and are usually motivated by a combination of four elements. Figure 11 illustrates 4 types of motivation, which come together to produce four key areas for the managers to focus on when trying to motivate their employees. Figure 11 Four key elements of motivation Source : http://www.wishfulthinking.co.uk/2009/02/11/motivation-during-a-recession/ 2.2.1 Major Theories of Motivation Motivation is not only in a single direction i.e. downwards. In the present scenario, where the workforce is more informed, more aware, more educated and goal oriented, the role of motivation has left the boundaries of the hierarchy of management. The Figure below shows the major theories of motivation that can be applied in the working environment as well on the employees to see the impact of motivation on the organization as a whole. Figure 12 Theories of Motivation 2.2.1.1 Need Approaches Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Figure 13 Shows Maslows Hierarchy of Needs By applying Maslows theory of motivation, modern leaders and managers find way of employee motivation for the reason of worker and workforce management. According to Maslow the humans are motivated by unsatisfied needs and the needs which are at low level should be satisfied initially and then the higher order need should be looked upon. As given in Figure 13 there are five general needs of the humans that should be satisfied before the human start behaving unselfishly. Therefore, in a real work time scenario it becomes important for the leader to understand which needs is currently active for an individual employee motivation. Alderfers ERG Theory Figure 14 Clayton Alderfers ERG Theory Needs Source:http://www.envisionsoftware.com/es_img/Alderfer_ERG_Theory.gif According to ERG theory, leaders must identify that employees have multiple desires to satisfy at the same time. In addition, if the employee is not given enough chance for development, the employee can go back to relatedness needs. So it becomes important for the managers to recognize this situation so that deliberate steps can be taken on relatedness needs until the employee is able to follow the way towards growth again. Herzbergs Two Factor Theory Figure 15 Hygiene and Motivation Factors Source:http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/figures/1472-6920-9-49-1.jpg The psychologist Fredrick Herzberg asked the questions from employees in the year 1950s and 60s for understanding employee satisfaction. The results of its finding revealed that there are some factors of a job which are constantly connected to job satisfaction, while dissimilar factors are linked with job dissatisfaction. The hygiene and motivation factors are illustrated in Figure 15. To apply Herzbergs theory, managers need to take up a two stage process to motivate people. Firstly, managers need eliminate the dissatisfactions the employees are experiencing and, secondly, managers need to help them find satisfaction. McClellands Learned Needs Theory McClelland theory of human motivation also known as three need theory or learned theory, segments the needs as follow; Need for achievement Need for power Need for affiliation Each of these needs will differ from one person to another. If the manager is able to recognize the significance of each of these needs to an individual, it will help the managers to determine how an individual can be influenced. Summary of Need Approaches Figure 16 Comparison of Need Theories 2.2.1.2 Cognitive Approach Expectancy Theory Figure 17 Expectancy Theory According to expectancy theory, every person has their own set of different goals and they can be motivated if they have certain level of expectation. Vrooms expectancy theory is based on three variables i.e. valence, expectancy and Instrumentality valances. Figure 18 Valence, Expectancy Instrumentality Equity Theory/ Social Comparison Theory Figure 18 Equity Theory Source: http://www.businessballs.com/adamsequitytheory.htm Equity theory states that employee always tend to compare the situation (Outcomes) they get while working in relation to what they invested (Inputs). Additionally they also willing to compare what are the ratio between what they get from what they put in. Moreover people also attempt to compare their input and outputs with their coworkers as illustrated in Figure 19. Figure 19 Equity Comparison Source: http://www.businessballs.com/adamsequitytheory.htm Goal Setting Theory of Motivation Figure 20 Goal Theory Source: http://faculty.washington.edu/janegf/goalsetting.html This theory aims to recognize the kind of goals that are most competent in producing high level of motivation among the workers. Moreover, if employees have goals to aim for, under this circumstance the employee will perform better. Therefore it becomes important for the managers to analyze which goals can motivate which employee. In order for the managers to understand while setting goals for the individual, the managers should set the goals that are: Clear (not vague) and understandable Challenging Achievable. 2.2.1.3 Reinforcement Theory Reinforcement theory of motivation overlooks the internal state of individual, i.e., the inner feelings and drives of individuals are ignored by Skinner. This theory focuses totally on what happens to an individual when some actions are taken. External environment of the organization must be designed effectively and positively so as to motivate the employee. This theory is a strong tool for analyzing controlling mechanism for individuals behaviour. Figure 21 Types of Reinforcement Types of Reinforcement Description Positive reinforcement This implies giving a positive response when an individual shows positive and required behavior. Negative reinforcement This implies rewarding an employee by removing negative / undesirable consequences. Both positive and negative reinforcement can be used for increasing desirable / required behaviour. Extinction It implies absence of reinforcements. In other words, extinction implies lowering the probability of undesired behaviour by removing reward for that kind of behaviour. Extinction may unintentionally lower desirable behaviour Punishment It implies removing positive consequences so as to lower the probability of repeating undesirable behaviour in future. In other words, punishment means applying undesirable consequence for showing undesirable behaviour. Source: http://www.managementstudyguide.com/reinforcement-theory-motivation.htm 2.3 Leadership Style and Communication Leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people (Kurt Lewin,1939). Leadership Style influences the level of motivation of employees. Different Leaders have different style for managing the employees working under them. Fig explains the style of leadership influencing the motivation of employees. Figure 22 Leadership Style Vs motivation Source: http://www.motivation-tools.com/workplace/leadership_styles.htm There have been mostly separate studies about leadership and grapevine communication. According to McKenna (2000), leadership is an art that can get the optimum work required for the organization. The leader also communicates the organizations goals to his team members. He does not discuss about the communication that is more important between the leader and the team and the effectiveness when such communication occurs in an informal way that leads to more interaction and hence develops a bond with each employee and all together leads to commitment and motivation.

The Field of Radiology: What role do you see for yourself? Essay

The Field of Radiology: What role do you see for yourself? The role of the radiologist is one that has undergone numerous changes over the years and continues to evolve a rapid pace. Radiologists specialize in the diagnoses of disease through obtaining and interpreting medical images. There are a number of different devices and procedures at the disposal of a radiologist to aid him or her in these diagnoses’. Some images are obtained by using x-ray or other radioactive substances, others through the use of sound waves and the body’s natural magnetism. Another sector of radiology focuses on the treatment of certain diseases using radiation (RSNA). Due to vast clinical work and correlated studies, the radiologist may additionally sub-specialize in various areas. Some of these sub-specialties include breast imaging, cardiovascular, Computed Tomography (CT), diagnostic radiology, emergency, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), musculoskeletal, neuroradiology, nuclear medicine, pediatric radiology, radi obiology, and Ultrasound (Schenter). After spending a vast amount of time on research and going to internship at the hospital, I have come to realize that my passion in science has greatly intensified. Furthermore, both experiences helped to shape up my future goals more prominently than before, which is coupled with the fact that I have now established a profound interest in radiology, or rather nuclear medicine. For as long as I remember, I only had one dream in mind, which was to become a doctor when I grow up. As I grew older, my dream did not change; in fact, it only grew more significant. However, the only aspect of my dream that did change was the type of field that I wanted to pursue. At first, I honestly did not have an inkling of an idea as to what kind of a type of doctor I wished to become. Then, I started to lean towards pediatrics and/or neurology. Now, on the other hand, I decided that I want to study nuclear medicine in medical school. This enlightening revelation came about as I began to volunteer in the Department of Nuclear Medicine at Beth Israel Medical Center. My time spent there has had an amazing impact on me because I believe that this was the time that I truly realized my dream. Nuclear medicine is medical specialty that uses radioactive substances, or radiopharmaceuticals, combined with imaging techniqu... ...ine in their work. Overall, my interest in nuclear medicine is at its peak currently, which is most likely due to my science research project for Intel. My ideas for this particular project were based on my knowledge in nuclear medicine. My research topic, deep-vein thrombosis (a blood-clot in the deep-veins of the body), actually transpired from a list of impending projects that my mentor provided me with when I first started volunteering last year. I worked very hard on this project and I even gained some recognition, but all in all, my reason for participating in Intel competition has to do with my dream of becoming a physician in nuclear medicine in the near future. I hope to successfully finish high school, university, and medical school with a Master’s Degree (MD) before crossing all boundaries and working to attain my Physician’s Degree (PhD) in radiology (nuclear medicine). Ofri, D (2000). Diagnosis and Treatment of Deep-Vein Thrombosis. Western Journal of Medicine; 173: 194-197. Wells, Philip S., Anderson, David R., Rodger, Marc et al (2003). Evaluation of D-Dimer in the Diagnosis of Suspected Deep-Vein Thrombosis. New England Journal of Medicine; 349: 1227-1235.

The Intention of Oedipus in Oedipus the King :: Oedipus Rex, Sophocles

The intention (motivation) of Oedipus in Oedipus Rex Oedipus Rex, also known as Oedipus the King, is one of the most ironic plays ever written. Sophocles, the author, is a famous philosopher of the ancient times. The Play is about Oedipus, the king of Thebes, who unwittingly killed his father and married his mother. An oracle warned Laius, the king of Thebes prior to Oedipus, that his son would slay him. Accordingly, when his wife, Jocasta, bore a son, he exposed the baby on Mt. Cithaeron, first pinning his ankles together (hence the name Oedipus, meaning Swell-Foot). A shepherd took pity on the infant, who was adopted by King Polybus of Corinth and his wife and was brought up as their son. In early manhood Oedipus visited Delphi and upon learning that he was fated to kill his father and marry his mother, he resolved never to return to Corinth. Travelling toward Thebes, he encountered Laius, who provoked a quarrel in which Oedipus killed him. Continuing on his way, Oedipus found Thebes plagued by the Sphinx, who put a riddle to all passersby and destroyed those who could not answer. Oedipus solved the riddle, and the Sphinx killed herself. In reward, he received the throne of Thebes and the hand of the widowed queen, his mother, Jocasta. They had four children: Eteocles, Polyneices, Antigone, and Ismene. Later, when the truth became known, Jocasta committed suicide, and Oedipus, after blinding himself, went into exile, leaving his brother-in-law Creon as regent. The central theme in this work is that one cannot control his/her fate, whether the intentions are good or bad. Oedipus, the main character in this play is motivated to find the truth, and his intentions are good. The motivation is always followed by the intentions, just as the truth is followed by goodness. There are three critical parts to Oedipus's motivation. There is the prophecy, the realization, and the revelation. They will be discussed consecutively. The beginning of the play opens up with the dilemma of the plague as explained before. Creon, Oedipus's brother in-law (which turns out to be his uncle), comes from the oracle with the advice to end the plague. He explains the previous leader, Laius, had been murdered, and they haven't found the murderer. More importantly, was the way Oedipus handled the situation. He had Creon explain this out loud so that the public can hear as well.

The Issue of Race in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

The Issue of Race in Othello    In his production of Othello for BBC television (1981), Jonathan Miller asserted that Othello's race does not greatly impact his downfall in the play.   He maintains that while Shakespeare touches upon the issue of race, the cause of Othello's demise lies elsewhere.1   However, the implications of race in the play directly lead to its tragic ending; it is this issue that impels the characters to set the tragedy in motion.   Brabantio would never revolt against the union of Othello and Desdemona if it were not for Othello's blackness.   Roderigo could never be motivated to pursue Desdemona were it not for his belief that their relationship is unnatural.   By far the most significant racism is Othello's own, racism that Iago brings to the surface by playing upon Othello's racial insecurities.   Finally, it is racism that serves as Iago's primary cause in his destruction of Othello.   Brabantio is very selective about suitors for Desdemona, as is evident from his vocal condemnation of Roderigo.   After learning it is Roderigo lurking about his window, Brabantio tells him, "The worser welcome! / ... In honest plainness thou hast heard me say / My daughter is not for thee" (1.1.92-95).2   Although Roderigo is a wealthy native Venetian, in Brabantio's eyes he is not worthy of Desdemona.   Despite these strict standards, it would seem that Othello could win Brabantio's approval; he holds a lucrative and prestigious position as the general of the army, he is born of a noble background, and he has the respect of the State.   In addition, Brabantio has an affinity for Othello, as he explains, "[he] loved [Othello]; oft invited [him]; / Still questioned [him] the story of [his] life" (1.3.128-29).   There is no ... ...his possibility and fights it.   Through resisting the stereotypes, as opposed to acknowledging and accepting that they exist, Othello increases his internal conflict.   Had he the necessary strength and faith in himself, the conflict could not have arisen; for when there is no resistance, the struggle ceases.   Rather than label Othello as a racist or anti-racist play, it is more significant to see how, from a racial standpoint, the tragedy demonstrates the explosive effects that racial dissonance can produce when combined with other personal insecurities.    Notes 1.   Jonathan Miller, television interview, BBC, 1981.   Quoted by Sylvan Barnet, "Othello on Stage and Screen," in Alvin Kernan, ed., Othello, Signet Classic Edition (New York: Penguin, 1998): 230.   2.   All references to Othello are from the Signet Classic Edition (New York: Penguin, 1998).

Ethical Healthcare Issues Essay

Ethical dilemmas in health care are often the most difficult to navigate. Quite often the life of a person depends on the decision made when a challenge arises. This is certainly the case regarding patients in a permanent vegetative state. These cases have provoked very strong, opposing opinions throughout the medical community. Generating a definitive answer to how a facility handles these situations is extremely important to ensure appropriate ethical policy is followed throughout the care or termination of medical services for a person in a permanent vegetative state. Four ethical principles assist in guiding the ethical conversation: autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice. Autonomy Preserving a patient’s autonomy is a standard ethical policy for health care providers. Examples of how doctors and facilities protect a patient’s right to independence include Advance Directives, the Patient Self-Determination Act, and HIPAA. â€Å"The problem is that vegetative patients are not competent to refuse continued treatment, and there is concern about how best to protect them from treatment that they would probably refuse if they could† (Jennett, 2002, p. 356). A patient who has the unforeseen misfortune of entering into the permanent vegetative state may not have the chance to express their stance through an Advance Directive on how he or she wish to proceed medically, therefore stripping him or her of the right to autonomy. Some patients may have expressed their wishes informally to their family members and loved ones, such as the desire to donate organs when the time comes. If the decision were made to end medical care in a more direct and rapid way, organs would have a better chance of becoming used to help others, which would restore some of the patient’s autonomy (Wade, 2001). Most people would rather donate their organs for the benefit of others, rather than remain in an unconscious state, when given the choice. Unfortunately, these patients are not given a chance to voice that opinion. Nonmaleficence Nonmeleficence is the ethical principle to do no harm. It could be argued that a person in a permanent vegetative state feels nothing, and that poses the question regarding whether or not one can do harm to someone who does not feel anything emotionally or physically (Wade, 2001). In addition, continued treatment actually may be doing harm to the patient. â€Å"There have been many declarations that survival in a permanent vegetative state is not a benefit to the patient, some regarding it as a fate worse than death† (Jennett, 2002, p. 356). There are opposing viewpoints that believe patients in a vegetative state actually may be aware of their surroundings. According to Hope (2011) a study confirmed, â€Å"patients thought to be in a permanently ‘vegetative’ state may still be able to think and communicate† (para. 1). Although this may sound hopeful for loved ones, for some patients being aware of surroundings but not able to move or communicate is doing more harm to them. Would it be more nonmaleficent to end their suffering if they have poor quality of life? Beneficence The philosophical question beneficence raises is will an unknowing patient benefit from an act of good (Wade, 2001)? The patient is not aware of any kind or unkind act done to him or her in an unconscious state. Ongoing treatment could bring about a recovery, but a patient may not view this as beneficent. The state that their body and mind would be in and the quality of life they would have is questionable for whether or not keeping the patient alive was actually doing him or her any good. Beneficence can also relate to the survivors of the patient. In many cases, it is the willingness of the family to keep the patient alive in the hopes of a miracle even if it is against what the doctor’s recommend (Brody, 1988). Is it beneficent to the patient’s family to remain in a state of ongoing grief when there is no improvement in sight? Justice Justice is the most applied ethical principle for arguing for or against termination of treatment for patients in a permanent vegetative state. One argument that can be raised is whether or not it is fair to continue to allocate resources for a person in this state when it limits the care and resources other patients could be receiving (Wade, 2001). If a person is in a permanent unconscious state and doctors have determined that he or she will not regain consciousness or live a normal life, should the care and services he or she are using be given to a patient who has a greater chance of recovery. In addition, consider the cost to society for paying for the ongoing resources and care these patients will need (Brody, 1988). Is it fair to impose that cost on others? Instead, the funds could be used to save the lives of others. However, if the policy became to end patient’s care once they have reached a permanent vegetative state it could be said that attitudes may change toward other severely disabled people and the ongoing care they receive (Wade, 2001). Provider’s compassion may begin to be diminished over time through seeing the termination of care on these permanent vegetative patients, and it may desensitize them in a way that would make it difficult for them to provide any ongoing care to disabled people. Terminating an individual’s life whether it is physician-assisted or merely stopping food sources will always pose huge ethical concerns, even if the patient is in a permanent vegetative state and cannot express emotion or feel pain. Forming an opinion on the issue is not easy, and there are many parties who have interest in the outcome such as the patient, their family, the staff providing care, the facility providing care, and society. By applying the four ethical principles of autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice healthcare administrators can begin to form an ethical opinion to shape the way their facility approaches the many challenges permanent vegetative patients cause. References Brody, B. A. (1988). Ethical questions raised by the persistent vegitative patient. The Hastings Center Report, 18(1), 33-37. Hope, J. (2001, November 10). Vegitative patients ‘can still think and respond’. Daily Mail, 0(0), 28. Jennett, B. (2002). The vegitative state. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 73(4), 355-357. Wade, D. T. (2001). Ethical issue in diagnosis and management of patients in the permanent vegetative state. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 322(7282), 352-354.

James Marcia Identity Achievement

Amy Striker Child Psychology 04/11/2013 Finding Your Way Through Identity Crisis Do you remember being a high school and being overwhelmed with all the choices of colleges, majors, occupations etc.? This seems to be the most confusing time of an adolescent’s life and one they will never forget, however what most don’t realize is that there is not just a point that we are all grown up. Instead, there is a very long process and it takes a lot of effort. James Marcia delved beyond Erik Erikson’s stage of identity achievement and created four different levels of this achievement.These levels were distinguished by crisis and commitment. Crisis is defined as a period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternative, while commitment is personal investment in identity (Marcia, 2003). Identity achievement is obtained when an individual searches for different alternatives, explores those alternatives and makes a commitment to one of the choices . When one is identity achieved they have explored different ideals, occupations, and political views. From the exploration of each, the adolescent finds what they feel they most relate to and commit to those views and ideas.Achievement is also associated with advanced reasoning ability seems that adolescents and adults who can take multiple perspectives on themselves and others also have a ? rmer and more ? exible sense of who they are. For this reason, successful individuals have higher intimacy in their relationships. They are able to commit and feel confident that they will be able to understand their partner’s point of view without having to change their own. However, they have to adapt and understand their own viewpoints while at the same time not experiencing the levels of despair found in less cognitively sophisticated people (Marcia 2003).Moratorium occurs when there is a crisis being faced but no commitment has yet been made. During this phase comes the process of m aking standards for ourselves. Adolescents often express a conflict between their own needs and parental values, and between desire and fear of consequences. In the midst of moratorium, anxiety is likely to be the highest of all the stages, the reason being there is far more uncertainty and pressure residing in the need to make a choice that will change the course of one’s life and career (Marcia 1966).High school students and college students are normally found in this stage. After an individual has reached this stage however, they will very unlikely be going back to foreclosure or diffusion. Foreclosure is the status of individuals who have made a commitment but have not experienced a crisis. This occurs most often when parents hand down commitments to their adolescents, usually in an authoritarian way, before adolescents have had a chance to explore different approaches, ideologies, and vocations on their own.A Foreclosure unquestioningly accepted the standards (usually pa rental) with which she had been brought up, and when pressured by a significant other or their own impulses, clung to rules and authority to guide actions. Those individuals whose entire family is in a particular field may be in this group when they graduate high school and upon their freshman year may begin to go to the way of moratorium, for they are able to explore different ideals in a parent free setting. Diffusion is the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments.Not only are they undecided about occupational and ideological choices, they are also likely to show little interest in such matters. Those who are in the diffusion category are often weary about their life equilibrium being disrupted, they see themselves as the way they are and they are afraid of making changes. These individuals may go into a career office, scoff at the results of their aptitude tests and never end up researching into those ideas as an individual in the morat orium stage would.Difficulty in reaching identity achievement may also come from an avoidance of facing external or internal conflicts that will disrupt our equilibrium that we were comfortable. Ways in which some cope with conflicts may be with assimilation or accommodation. Reacting with assimilation involves interpreting new information according to the schemes, or patterns of thought, we already possess. Someone may use assimilation when they are afraid of changing their major when they are not doing very well perhaps because they are in the foreclosure category and are worried their parents will be disappointed if they do not follow in their footsteps.This person may assimilate by working harder and harder even if they do not get joy in the end. Accommodation involves changing our schemes, or patterns of thought, to better fit with new information. In this case, the student would recognize that he is working hard and isn’t succeeding, but then looking into other majors t hat may suit his skills better, understanding that he needs to create his own identity instead of necessarily following his parents’ occupations. (Kroger 2007). Culture a collective concept providing a common frame of reference for a human group to make sense of reality.Culture is not a stable set of beliefs or values that reside inside individuals but it is located in society, in patterns of practices, ideas, institutions, products and artifacts. As cultural content changes, so do the self-concepts and psychological functions that mediate that culture (Markus & Kitayama, 2010). Adolescents often share daily experiences, hold common values, and face common challenges. A coherent sense of identity supported by agency and self-direction is required to be successful in one's occupational and social life in the United States and other unstructured western societies (Markus 2010). In Western cultures, adolescents are often allowed more freedom in discovering life choices in ideolo gy, careers, and societal interactions. While some adolescents have an easy time figuring out what they want to do with their lives and what their core ideals our, others feel at a loss. Because there is no definite answer and such an excess of possibilities, they may want to sit out of the decision process for as long as possible. This is not beneficial for them and is a consequence of our post-modern cultural goals.Goals that are held to such importance often causes increased stress those children are not ready to deal with. Ways in which to help with these difficulties may be for a counselor to meet with each and every student, once and if it is evident that a child has no idea what they want to do with life, meet with those children on a separate occasion. Parental involvement also play a vital role in the decision making process. Since there are different attachment styles, there cannot be an evaluation of what type of parental involvement is necessary for all children.Just as every child has a different way of making these decisions; parents have different comfort levels of involvement as well. However, it is still essential a parent does not force their ideals and occupation choices onto their children in an authoritative manner; for their children will have an impossible time exploring alternatives if they are frightened they will be scolded when taking their own path. In addition, our culture is often pessimistic about certain careers, causing a child who really feels that that is the career or them to instead choose what their parents want or some other popular occupational choice. Regarding pessimism towards ideals and politics, a person whose parents strictly prohibit all homosexuality may be less likely to stand up for what they believe because they fear negative sanctions from society. Currently, this issue is being addressed by many people coming together to share their own views, making it a simpler task of addressing these alternative ideals. In this way, the excess of possibilities is not as problematic in the discovering of one’s identity.Religion though, is a different story; parents in our culture and around the world expect their children to retain the religion they were centered in. A failure to do so is viewed as disrespect. Seeing that America is a melting pot of cultures, a family strives to maintain their culture for many generations, and waning from the path prevents this cultural harmony. Similarly, it is difficult in our culture to change political views when a family’s viewpoints have been quite close minded.From experience, if a father is republican, they are weary when their son or daughter develops democratic views that oppose their own. Upon discovering such information, parents may say such things as â€Å"I did not raise my children to grow up a liberal† or â€Å"with those views you are taking away all my hard earned money†, sayings that attempt to force the individual to temporarily adapt to their parents demands. Although culture is more far reaching, adolescents spend the most time within their family’s culture, leaving the biggest mark on their identity.Technology holds an important role in post modernism. With technology, individuals who are going through the identity achievement process have many resources at their disposal. They are able to look into different careers with information on the internet being readily available. However, for some adolescents this causes an increase in anxiety because there are again so many choices, and the fear of making the wrong choice deters them from looking. The benefits of technology though, outweigh the cons for there are hundreds of academic sites that are at our disposal for discovering our identity.Cell phones, although sometimes too readily available, allow individuals to feel as if they are more accepted and emotionally supported by many different people at the same time. This aspect is importa nt to identity achievement for when one feels as if they do not have anyone who is emotionally attached to them, they may feel lost and have a more difficult time finding themselves. In counseling, Knowing about how adolescents can more easily go from diffusion to identity achievement can help a counselor make things a bit easier by suggesting ways of going about finding their calling.Also, parents must have a way in which to hear about how perhaps their children may need different outlets to find out what interests them. A counselor for an adolescent who is striving to find their self-definition must discover ways in which to facilitate the motivation aspect of wanting to be identity achieved. A beneficial discussion would be in self-esteem, social relationships and anxiety levels. In addition, just hearing the client talk about who they feel they are, can help them make a major discovery.Research tactics in counseling that would benefit discovery, may be discovering defense tactic s to prevent regression from identity achieved state to diffusion. Those who have many conflicts that they feel as if they cannot overcome may have lowered self-efficacy as well as having regressed, causing them to not be motivated to try new things (Kroger 2000). They see themselves as already trying many different things, failing when they made a commitment, and not wanting to look into other alternatives that they may also fail at.Some adolescents who go to counseling may feel as if their parents’ divorce or another family event has hindered their ability to progress through achievement. These individuals would benefit greatly from counseling only if they are not focusing solely on the problems caused by divorce but ways in which they are not at fault, allowing a feeling of freedom to find their own self. After this realization by these certain individuals, multiple sessions discussing ways in which they can get involved and discover different fields of occupation and idea ls may greatly help their identity achievement path.In addition to these circumstances, those in moratorium are often seen by counselors. When in the moratorium stage there is a greater feeling of anxiety from the uncertainty of the future and stress of making a decision. In a counseling setting, there is a person who is able to be nonattached and give an honest opinion, something that a moratorium individual may have a hard time finding in their daily life. Counseling is the most beneficial for adolescents when they are in their senior year of high school and their freshman year of college.From personal experience observing others, I have found that an individual in senior year feels as if they have reached identity achievement. They have job shadowed during the summer, talked to different teachers and friends about occupation choices and been to see their academic counselor to discuss any problems with their decision. What I see happening to many students is, when they get into th at major, they feel as if they do not want disappoint themselves or their parents if they do not feel like it was the right choice.Although there are many people that they see have changed their paths, the thought of themselves not making the right choice in the beginning frightens them. After all, they may have put forth a lot of effort to find the major they thought was their destiny. These students in particular are the most at risk for regressing from identity achievement to moratorium and perhaps back to diffusion. A counselor’s importance in this point in time is to make the student feel more calmly about changing their major; that it will not upset any other people and if it does the counselor is there to diffuse the situation.Identity achievement is not an easy accomplishment, it is one that takes immense action, contemplation and the biggest decision an adolescent has made so far in their life. Just as there are many ways in which to facilitate the identity achieveme nt process, there are the same about of ways to hinder it. The individual has the ball in their court and it is up to them to make a move or stay where they are in development. uccessful achievement of identity is a requirement of maturity, for within the achieved status, one must have control over their emotions, a need for intimacy, regarding friendship or marriage, be comfortable with their happiness and know what ways they can foster their own development. Counseling is beneficial when a crisis has been experienced and the adolescent is weighing their different options. When an individual has achieved identity and feels confident with most aspects of their being, they are very unlikely to regress.The older one is the less likely regression will occur. References Kroger, J. (2000). Ego identity status research in the new millennium. International Journal Of Behavioral Development, 24(2), 145-148. doi:10. 1080/016502500383250 Kroger, J. (2007). Why is identity achievement so elusi ve? Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 7(4),  331-348. Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 3(5), 551-558. doi:10. 1037/h0023281 Marcia, J. E. (2003).Treading Fearlessly: A Commentary on Personal Persistence, Identity Development, and Suicide. Monographs Of The Society For Research In Child Development, 68(2), 131-138. doi:10. 1111/1540-5834. 00257 Markus, H. R. , ; Kitayama, S. (2010). Cultures and selves: A cycle of mutual constitution. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5,420430. doi 10. 1177/1745691610375557 Anthins, K. (2011). 7 clues to identity achievement. Retrieved from http://www. psychologytoday. com/blog/who-am-i/201108/7-clues-identity-achievement-part-1. d

Audit Notes

Practitioners give the Users a written conclusion Accountable party must have an accountability relationship with the Users Auditors in an engagement must be independent because they would be perceived as unbiased Definitions:Accounting 0 Recording, classifying, and summarizing economic events in a logical manner for the purpose of providing financial information to have a proper decision making process Assurance 0 An engagement where a practitioner is engaged to issue a written communication expressing a conclusion concerning a subject matter for which the accountable party is responsible Auditing 0 Accumulation and evaluation of evidence about information to determine and report on the degree of correspondence between the information and established criteria Auditing should be done by a competent, independent person.Audit of FIS (Triangle diagram based on the conformity of the FIS with IFRS, GAAS, ASPE) Auditor 0 Shareholder's 0Management Auditor gives their written opinion to the Shareholders Management gives a stewardship relationship (to manage and look after the company for the S/H) with the shareholders Audit Objectives To gain reasonable assurance of FIS To ensure FIS are free from material misstatements For the auditor to express an opinion about the FIS being prepared with respects to the tlnancial reporting trameworks (IFRS Chapter 2 – The Public Accounting Profession Quality Control for Firms (Table 2. 2. 9) Leadership for Quality Control Should be present for all audits Quality control procedures should be implemented and communicated to everyone Firms should ensure all personnel are qualified Establish a formal code of conduct Ethical Principles are Required Principles include: Integrity Objectivity Professional Confidence

African Americans and the Civil War Essay

In the world we live in many people take a lot for granted. Just the small simple things people don’t really appreciate, being ungrateful for the things that have been given to them. Many people and different situations have paved the way for our generation to become much easier to live in. African Americans during the civil rights movement had to face a lot of trills in order to make the world a better place. Many people don’t appreciate that because they are unaware of just how much grief African Americans had to go though to create a path for the upcoming generation. African Americans faced many hardships during the civil rights movement, some of those hardships were segregation, voting rights, and assassination of prominent African American leaders. Segregation was such a big obstacle for African Americans because not only were they not allowed to go certain places it became bigger than that. Everything in African Americans lives were split in half. There were white only signs places all over there towns. White only signs for bathrooms, restaurants, and water fountains. Everything was separated between the two races blacks and whites. One event that really stuck out like a sore thumb was The Montgomery Bus Boycott. During, the time of segregation blacks were allowed to ride the buses, but many rules had to apply. Blacks had a black’s only section on the bus that could be moved in any location of the bus. That means that the blacks’ only sign could be moved in front of two rows on the bus if that’s what the bus driver wanted. Black riders had to pay their bus far on the front of the bus and get off to walk to the back of the bus to ride. Some bus drivers would allow the blacks to pay and when the step off the bus the bus driver would drive away and leave them. When blacks did receive a chance to ride on the bus, if a white person did not have a seat to sit in a black person had to give up their seat. The blacks of Montgomery, Alabama, decided that they would boycott the city buses until they could sit anywhere they wanted, instead of being relegated to the back when a white boarded. On December 1, 1955, Mrs. Rosa Parks, an African American seamstress, was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama for not standing and letting a white bus rider take her seat. The plan to stop the whites from making the blacks move was the boycott. Blacks would no longer ride the buses anymore. That means that the bus companies were losing a lot of money. Blacks would walk to work or school and even carpool, but would not step foot on the buses. The boycott continued for over a year. Eventually, the United States Supreme Court put an end to the boycott. On November 13, 1956 the Court declared that Alabama’s state and local laws requiring segregation on buses were illegal. On December 20th federal injunctions were served on city and bus company officials forcing them to follow the Supreme Court’s ruling. African Americans had to face a lot just so that they could be treated as an equal on the bus. Segregation played a huge role in the school system. In public schools more so than any. That’s what stated the big flare Brown vs. Board of Education. The 1954 United States Supreme Court decision in Oliver L. Brown vs. the Board of Education of Topeka (KS) is among the most significant judicial turning points in the development of our country. Originally led by Charles H. Houston, and later Thurgood Marshall and a formidable legal team, it dismantled the legal basis for racial segregation in schools and other public facilities. Brown vs. Board of Education was not simply about children and education. The laws and policies struck down by this court decision were products of the human tendencies to prejudge, discriminate against, and stereotype other people by their ethnic, religious, physical, or cultural characteristics. Ending this behavior as a legal practice caused far reaching social and ideological implications, which continue to be felt throughout our country. The Brown decision inspired and galvanized human rights struggles across the country and around the world. The U. S. Supreme Court decision in Brown began a critical chapter in the maturation of our democracy. It reaffirmed the sovereign power of the people of the United States in the protection of their natural rights from arbitrary limits and restrictions imposed by state and local governments. These rights are recognized in the Declaration of Independence and guaranteed by the U. S. Constitution. Brown was giving African Americans the opportunity to be accepted as an individual and not just as a race. Now, you would think that after the Brown vs. Board of Education whites would accept African Americans and treat them better. That was not the case and segregation did not stop there. Although, many people had hoped that it would it took the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to really make a change. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a landmark piece of legislation in the United States that outlawed major forms of discrimination against blacks and women, and ended racial segregation in the United States. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public. Once the Act was implemented, its effects were far-reaching on the country as a whole and had an immediate impact on the South. It prohibited discrimination in public facilities, in government, and in employment, invalidating the Jim Crow laws in the southern U. S. It became illegal to compel segregation of the races in schools, housing, or hiring. After passage of the law, the NAACP was the only major civil rights organization to maintain a large membership in the South, where it concentrated on organizing the ongoing struggle for black civil rights. During 1965-75, the NAACP remained committed to using litigation to challenge racial injustice. African Americans had to fight hard to get what they deserved and it took a lot of patients and time to receive change but it finally happened. That is we segregation ended and Africans were free to sit, eat, talk, shop, and work anywhere they wanted. Being able to vote is a very important ordeal. Many people in this day and time take advantage of being able to voice their opinions. Not taking advantage of who we desire to have in office is a sign of being ungrateful. African Americans were not given that right years ago. African Americans had to fight just so that they could vote. That’s when the Voting Act of 1965 came in play. Before, this Act was enforced African Americans had to take a literacy tests and pay poll taxes. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 abolished literacy tests and poll taxes designed to disenfranchise African American voters, and gave the federal government the authority to take over voter registration in counties with a pattern of persistent discrimination. Echoing the language of the 15th Amendment, the Act prohibits states from imposing any â€Å"voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color. The Act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, a Democrat, who had earlier signed the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law. Being able to vote was an honor and so many people don’t even both to go vote during the elections today. African Americans fought for the right to vote without having to take tests or pay poll taxes and people still don’t go out to vote. That is taking voting rights for granted. Being an African American during the civil rights movement was a challenge, but being an African American woman was even difficult. That’s when the period of women’s suffrage played its role. Women’s Suffrage is the right of women to vote and to run for office. The expression is also used for the economic and political reform movement aimed at extending these rights to women and without any restrictions or qualifications such as property ownership, payment of tax, or marital status. Being a woman in this time period restricted of many rights. Women’s suffrage has been granted at various times in various countries throughout the world, and in many countries it was granted before universal suffrage. Without women’s suffrage women would still be restricted to make decisions and just be limited to being mothers and wives. The women’s suffrage broke that cycle. The best way to leave a positive mark on the world is being a leader. It takes a lot of heart, courage, and sacrifice, in becoming a great leader. Leaders are persons that people look up to. They depend on a leader to give them hope to carry on and a positive role model to look up to. There were not too many people that wanted to take the position of being a leader, but a few chose to step up to the plate. African Americans needed kind and encouraging words to help uplift them during the civil rights movement. Two great leaders Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Melcolm X took on a job to lead the world into a better place called freedom. The two leaders gave African Americans hope to continue on when they wanted to just give up. African Americans depended on these two prominent leaders to strengthen them. African Americans during the civil rights movement needed to relay on someone and those leaders were the perfect ones. No one would have ever been ready for what was expected to come. For years African American have been told what they could and couldn’t do. They have been talked about, abused, lied on, and have had everything taken from them. But, still they have stayed strong through it all. When all they had were two great prominent leaders and they were taken from them as well they still stayed strong. Two great prominent leaders were assonated. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. Martin Luther King Jr. was an American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African American civil rights movement. He was best known for being an iconic figure in the advancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world, using nonviolent methods following the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi. King was often presented as a heroic leader in the history of modern American liberalism. A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, serving as its first president. King’s efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. There, he expanded American values to include the vision of a color blind society, and established his reputation as one of the greatest orators in American history. But, as people have said â€Å"all things must come to an end. † At 6:01 p. m. on April 4, 1968, a shot rang out. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. , who had been standing on the balcony of his room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, TN, lay sprawled on the balcony’s floor. A gaping wound covered a large portion of his jaw and neck. A great man who had spent thirteen years of his life dedicating himself to nonviolent protest had been felled by a sniper’s bullet.